Abstract：Violence is the “oldest form of social control” in human society. In traditional states， power was fragmented and multi-centered， while modern states institutionally integrates all units engaged in political activities within the territory into a single political center. Since the Qin Qynasty， China sought to nationalize local violence but failed to penetrate rural society， where clan militias and local armed groups formed a “self-reliant society.” After 1949， China focused on eliminating non-state violence， strengthening legal-institutional order， and building a state-dominated framework for stability， supplemented by society.
陈军亚. 暴力治理、“私力社会”与现代国家的秩序建构——基于乡村视角的中国经验研究[J]. 华中师范大学学报（人文社会科学版）, 2025, 64(5): 63-71.
Chen Junya. Violence Governance，“Private Power Society”， and Construction of Order in the Modern State —Evidence from China's Rural Experience. journal1, 2025, 64(5): 63-71.
2025, Vol. 64 
