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| Zheng’s Contest for Social Control of Ting，Zhang，Quan’s Sea Area between the Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty |
| History Department， Xiamen University， Xiamen 361005 |
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Abstract Zheng Zhilong and Zheng Chenggong are the maritime separatist forces since the middle of the Ming Dynasty. Conforming to the situation of the world trade market， they set up their own mountain area five business such as gold， wood， water， fire， land， and the sea area five business such as kindness ，loyalty， manners， wisdom ，trust， there were totally ten firms. They purchased silk， white silk， crepe， medicinal materials， ceramic from Jiangnan and Jiangxi region， to carry out crossborder trade， maritime trade covering Japan， Korea， Ryukyu， Philippines and Indochina Peninsula countries， and a more powerful wholesale， trade， tax， providing protection that flag rental， passenger and other series of business activities had been formed. They also purchased Japanese armor， Japanese knives， arquebuses and Western guns， etc. to arm their own military forces. They annexed or incorporated maritime merchants，pirates and even the military forces，forming their own strong military strength and economic strength， and further confronting the Ming and Qing Dynasties for the control of the waters of Ting，Zhang，Quan regions. The Ming Dynasty had set up the Navy to fight against the pirates，but encountered a strong boycott by the clans then，the effect was very limited. The Qing Dynasty carried out “relocation” policy，gave Zheng’s monopoly at the time of international trade convenience. Zheng’s also organized migrants from Fujian and established their own grain warehouses in Taiwan. All these strengthened Zheng’s strength to a certain extent， and the tug of war between the two sides lasted for a long time. The whole process fully demonstrated the strength of the marine social and economic forces and the efforts and effects of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in the governance of the marine area，at this time between the official and the people of the marine forces still showed mutual consumption and weakening.
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