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| Dong Qichang’s Socializing by Calligraphy and Painting and His “Career Network”：Officialdom， Literary Friendships and Commercial Network |
| Liu Zhongxing Yang Feng |
| School of History and Culture， Center for Social History of Chinese Arts，Central China Normal University， Wuhan 430079 |
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Abstract In the middlelate Ming Dynasty， with the development of the commodity economy and the increase of commercial culture, calligraphy and painting gradually became a kind of popular cultural product， and the social functions of calligraphy and painting gradually got prominent. Based on the development of his officialdom， Dong Qichang gradually established an extensive social network， and widely used calligraphy and painting as a tool for social interaction. Calligraphy and painting became an important medium for him to maintain and deal with interpersonal relations in the fields of officialdom， literary friendships， and business circles. Dong Qichang had both the status of literati artist and bureaucratic gentry. With the interaction of political prestige and cultural fame， he controlled social discourse power by taking charge of important cultural capital， and gradually became one of the most recognized literati leaders of various social forces.
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Received: 08 April 2020
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2020, Vol. 59 
