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| Markets， Embankments， Garrisons and Ethnic Chiefdoms ——The Administrative Centers and the Market Centers in the Bordering Area of Sichuan， Guizhou and Yunnan Provinces |
| Zhao Shiyu |
| (Department of History， Peking University， Beijing 100871) |
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Abstract There have been some studies on the socioeconomic role that the markets in the southwestern China played in Qing Dynasty since William Skinner. Some attention has also been paid to the embankment (Bazi) society of this region. Ming court practiced an administrative system in which the counties， garrisons and ethnic chiefdoms co-existed and governed local people. The influence of the garrisons and the chiefdoms on the local society lasted， although the garrisons' territory and population began to be annexed into the counties and the chieftains were replaced by the officials appointed by the court from late Ming to mid-Qing. In the case of Xuyong county in the bordering area of Sichuan， Guizhou and Yunnan， the rise of the local markets was not only the result of commercial development， but also closely related to the garrisons and the ethnic chiefdoms in the process of imperial expansion to the southwest. These garrisons and ethnic chiefdoms were based on the flat terrains called Bazi， and the markets (Chang) came into existence in these lands as well. In the social development of the Qing Dynasty， the markets even became the result of mutual reinforcement by the political power that represented the imperial expansion and the commercial power that represented the marketization.
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Received: 30 January 2023
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2023, Vol. 62 
