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| Violence Governance，“Private Power Society”， and Construction of Order in the Modern State —Evidence from China's Rural Experience |
| Chen Junya |
| (Institute of Political Science and National Governance， Central China Normal University， Wuhan 430079) |
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Abstract Violence is the “oldest form of social control” in human society. In traditional states， power was fragmented and multi-centered， while modern states institutionally integrates all units engaged in political activities within the territory into a single political center. Since the Qin Qynasty， China sought to nationalize local violence but failed to penetrate rural society， where clan militias and local armed groups formed a “self-reliant society.” After 1949， China focused on eliminating non-state violence， strengthening legal-institutional order， and building a state-dominated framework for stability， supplemented by society.
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Received: 11 October 2025
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2025, Vol. 64 
