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Quick Search     Adv Search 2021 Vol. 60, No. 2 Published: 2021-03-27 1 The Reform of Rural Governance System under the Background of Factor Liberalization Xiang Jiquan　　Mao Binjing The reform of the marketization of factor allocation aims at realizing the free movement and efficient and fair allocation of production factors in the market and building a better socialist market economic system. It is an important component of the comprehensive and deepening reform of the economic system in rural China and the entire country. The marketization of factor allocation in rural China is a new stage of rural reform and opening and the market reform. It will not only directly affect the structure of property rights， membership composition and the organization and management system of the rural collective economy， but also profoundly influence the organizational foundation， structural function， and leadership and operational style of rural governance. In the new historical era， we must further emancipate our minds， demolish obstacles in the system and mechanism that prevent factors from free movement and make the market play a decisive role in the allocation of factors and resources. We must further deepen the reform of property rights， construct a more open shareholding cooperative system of the rural collective economy and make the collective economy independent， autonomous and market-oriented. We should further clarify the relationship between politics and economics and realize the “separation of politics and economics” between the village committee and the village collective， and the transformation from villagers self-governance to community self-governance. We should improve further leadership methods and strengthen the consistency of law and policies about the comprehensive leadership of rural grassroots Party organizations and the village Party Secretary's “one shoulder multi-tasking”(yijiantiao). We should further abolish the urban-rural dual system in China， realize the opening of urban and rural areas in both directions， the free movement of production factors and the integration of basic public services and the local governance system， and build a rural governance system and operation mechanism compatible with an advanced socialist market economy so as to modernize rural governance. 2021 Vol. 60 (2): 1-9 [Abstract] ( 606 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1215 KB)  ( 488 ) 10 Supervision down to the Countryside and the Dilemma of Grassroots Governance He Xuefeng　　Zheng Xiaoyuan After the abolition of the agricultural tax， the state began to transfer a large number of payments to rural areas. In order to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the implementation of state transfer payments， the state’s power has entered the grassroots in all directions by supervision down to the countryside. Grassroots governance has the characteristics of the specificity of governance objects， the triviality and irregularity of governance affairs， the contingency of governance events， the limitation of governance resources， and the particularity of grassroots governance itself. These characteristics are contrary to the top-down supervision， which requires norms， procedures and standardization. Supervision down to the countryside encounters the characteristics of grassroots governance， forming the current dilemma of grassroots governance. The solution to the current dilemma of grassroots governance is to re-understand the characteristics of grassroots governance practices， adjust supervision methods， retain grassroots qualifications， and promote the modernization of grassroots governance. 2021 Vol. 60 (2): 10-18 [Abstract] ( 606 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1198 KB)  ( 352 ) 19 On the Construction of Development-Based New Governance State Lyu Peiliang　　Mou Chengwen The Chinese economy is moving from a stage of rapid growth to a stage of high-quality development. The connotation of development is richer and puts higher demands on national governance. Only by further deepening institutional reform， promoting the further transformation and upgrading the development-oriented government， establishing a market-oriented governance structure and forming a social governance system that integrates interests， can a modern national governance model that supports high-quality economic and social development be established. In view of this， China has entered a new stage of seeking higher and better development towards governance modernization. Given the comprehensive consideration of history and reality， it is an inevitable choice to build a development-based new governance state. This type of new governance state has the following characteristics： comprehensive， balanced and sustainable connotations of development as the goal； set age characteristics， development characteristics and Chinese characteristics as a whole； through systematic， holistic， collaborative reform unceasingly； the practice of socialist fairness and justice； the government， market and society on the basis of “good governance” further integration development. At the same time， on the basis of equitable co-governance for diverse governmental bodies， the state should try to reform from six aspects：governance body， power source， motive force， means， methods and mechanisms， relations between development and government， the rule of law and virtue， policy and system， and technology and art. Ultimately， the goal of modernizing the national governance system and its capacity is to move toward a new type of governance that is based on development， serves and promotes development. From the perspective of China’s current governance status and problems， it is a new idea and exploration to build a development-based new governance state， which needs to be demonstrated and improved continuously. 2021 Vol. 60 (2): 19-31 [Abstract] ( 458 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1849 KB)  ( 398 ) 32 Types and Logic of Personnel Incentive in Grassroots Government Yang Hua The grassroots governance needs to mobilize the enthusiasm of staff， among which personnel incentive is the key factor. In the process of practice， there are two incentive mechanisms which play an important role， namely， supporting incentive and connotation incentive. Supporting incentive is a formal and institutional incentive mechanism， which gives specific work corresponding incentive resources， from the outside to stimulate staff， make them make stress response， and then change their working attitude and behavior.This set of incentive mechanism is not within the working system. Different jobs， different incentives. Its advantages are strong pertinence and immediate effect， while its disadvantages are that the more grassroots， the scarcer the incentive resources. Connotative incentive is an informal incentive mechanism in the case of insufficient supporting incentive， which is created by the grassroots in order to deal with the situation of front-line governance. It takes the internal factors of the staff as the power and resources to promote the effective docking in the work. And through mechanism innovation， it can activate the internal needs and motivation of staff self realization， and give play to their enthusiasm， initiative and creativity. To improve the grassroots incentive mechanism， we need to standardize the accountability and fault tolerance mechanism， and increase positive supporting incentive measures. We need to explore more positive forms of connotative incentive and to avoid the negative effects of connotative incentive. 2021 Vol. 60 (2): 32-43 [Abstract] ( 499 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1763 KB)  ( 709 ) 44 Chinese-Style Environmental Governance：Performance Evaluation， Responses to the Public and Institutions Tu Zhengge　　Zhou Xingyu　　Wang Kun This paper tries to unlock the “black box” of the mode of local environmental governance in China and figure out its mechanisms. Developing the model combining the government， enterprises and the public together on local environmental governance， and using panel data from China’s 30 provinces from 2000 to 2015， we examine the effects of relative performance evaluation， institutions and public participation on local governments’ environmental governance. We find that the local government’s environmental governance pattern under the political championship has been modified since environmental performance is included in the promotion assessment of officials. After 2006， the supporting effect of economic performance on environmental governance investment gradually exceeded the crowding effect， and the pressure effect and incentive effect of environmental performance on environmental governance investment coexist. Public participation， to some extent， contributes to the local environmental governance， professional and orderly channels are more effective. The improvement of institutions including the rules of markets and the laws can significantly decrease the number of people working in the environmental sectors. In short， the performance evaluation directly related to the promotion of officials is still the key to China’s environmental governance， and the orderly participation of the public and the construction of the rule of law on the market are the guarantee of long-term stability in environmental governance. 2021 Vol. 60 (2): 44-60 [Abstract] ( 476 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (2430 KB)  ( 287 ) 61 An Empirical Study on the Effect of Debt Decentralization on Local Government Budget Discipline——Based on the Perspective of Local Government Bond Issuance Mechanism Reform Jin Rongxue　　Hu Xiaoqian Based on the panel data of 31 provinces from 2011 to 2017， taking the quasi-natural experiment of local government bond issuance mechanism reform as an example， this paper constructs a multi-period DID model to identify the impact of debt decentralization on local government budget discipline and related transmission mechanism. The results show that debt decentralization improves the effectiveness of local government budget discipline. Debt decentralization endows local governments with the decision-making power of debt financing， and enhances the financial autonomy of local governments. The debt management model with the matching of power and responsibility has strengthened the budget responsibility of local governments. Local governments actively adjusted the structure of fiscal expenditure， strengthened budgetary constraints and improved budget deficits. The effect of debt decentralization on the improvement of budget discipline is more significant in areas with low dependence on transfer payment and high degree of financial autonomy. 2021 Vol. 60 (2): 61-70 [Abstract] ( 432 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1312 KB)  ( 367 ) 71 On the Legislative Construction of the Incentive Mechanism for Using and Exiting of Public Rental Housing in China Li Kewu　　Nie Sheng In order to solve the problem of the difficulty of public rental housing exiting caused by the lack of willingness to quit public rental housing， it is necessary to establish an incentive mechanism to encourage and guide tenants to voluntarily exit public rental housing. The incentives mechanism for using and exiting of public rental housing is one of the long-term mechanisms to achieve the policy objectives of public rental housing system reform and housing rental market cultivation. It is a useful measure to urge tenants to exit public rental housing in a timely manner from the guiding direction. It is also the need to improve the supply of the using and exiting of public rental housing legal system. Incentive theory is the theoretical basis for the incentives mechanism for using and exiting of public rental housing. The legislative construction of the incentive mechanism for using and exiting of public rental housing should adhere to two basic principles of effective and affordable， and economic incentives. It should be embodied in the housing security legal system as a component of the public rental housing using and exiting legal system. The incentives mechanism for using and exiting of public rental housing specifically includes application for exit procedures， reasonable transition period， rental subsidies and house purchase discounts， “lease-to-purchase” system. 2021 Vol. 60 (2): 71-81 [Abstract] ( 427 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1562 KB)  ( 499 ) 82 Intelligence Diversity and the Theory That Robots“Have No Mind but Intelligence” Yang Zuyi　　Xiang Lujuan Taking the human mind which is characterized by intentionality as a “prototype example” of dissecting intelligence， we can say that robots have no mind， but can not say that they are not intelligent. Extending the scope of intelligent “prototype examples”， such as considering the “prototype examples” which are simulated by evolutionary algorithm， swarm intelligence algorithm and so on， we will discover that intelligence which has many modes not only widely exists in nature， but also can be created by human beings， and shows the ability to surpass human intelligence in hygiene， health care， communication， transportation， military， education and other fields. However， if machine intelligence is to “compute” and “calculate” like human beings， it must break through the bottleneck problem of “lack of intentionality” that restricts the development of artificial intelligence， and the most urgent task is to uncover the mystery of intentionality and semantics so as to provide a more solid theoretical basis for the application of engineering technologies such as machine language translation， information integration， text processing and human-machine in-depth dialogue. Undoubtedly， there is still a long way to go for artificial intelligence to realize real intelligence， especially to approach and surpass the human mind. 2021 Vol. 60 (2): 82-88 [Abstract] ( 517 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1125 KB)  ( 765 ) 89 The Algorithm of Life： On the Modernity Discourse of Artificial Intelligence Xu Yaqing　　Yu Shui The language core of artificial intelligence is not an intuitive technical form， but a discourse of modernity with “the algorithm of life” as the core. The emergence of artificial intelligence has witnessed the process of pursuing mature and precise algorithms in an unprecedentedly accelerated manner since the Age of Enlightenment. The words of life become possible because of the fear of risks and the gestation of modernity discourse， but they are “evolving” because of the “encumbered” by modern discourse， forming an inherent paradox. The algorithm that protects life can never reach the happiness “other shore” presupposed by its prior structure， but life itself is unable to “immunize” itself against erratic risks due to the acceleration of the algorithm which is out of control. Based on this， the algorithm should not be equivalently linked to the so-called “other shore”， but should accept its own finiteness， internalize it in the real life in the life world rather than the pre-determined life， and then recognize that after stripping off the prior structure， discourse of modernity is an unfinished proposition. 2021 Vol. 60 (2): 89-96 [Abstract] ( 627 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1198 KB)  ( 221 ) 97 The Occurrence of the Relationship between Chinese New Poems and Japan Luo Zhenya Under the influence of the upsurge of studying abroad in modern times brought by the “reversal” of Sino-Japanese relations， the cultural experience of foreign students’ short-term residence in Japan， and the Japanese translation of Heine， Oscar Wilde， Whitman， Tagore and other world-famous poets’ works encounter， the poets in nearly half a century such as Huang Zunxian， Guo Moruo， Bingxin， Tian Han， Mu Mutian， Feng Naichao and Hu Feng maintained a fluctuant relationship with Japanese literature and culture， and formed a dual personality between practicality and aesthetics. 2021 Vol. 60 (2): 97-103 [Abstract] ( 369 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1376 KB)  ( 227 ) 104 A Drifting away “Comrade”——On Du Heng’s Novel Writing and Literary Views Yang Yingping　　Yang Liu Du Heng was a “comrade” of left-wing writers before he joined in the controversy about the “Third-group Man”. He was arrested for participating in revolutionary activities when he was young， and his literary works were mainly about the lives of the unpriviledged people. He also expressed the confusion and difficulties of revolutionaries and their aspirations for a better life in the future. Du Heng was deeply influenced by the left-wing writer Feng Xuefeng and was ideologically inclined to the revolution. However， after the “Free Argument about Literary and Artistic Issues”， the left-wing writers began to move away from Du Heng for the sake of discourse strategy， so Du Heng’s revolutionary novel Brighter was given a cold shoulder. Du Heng finally drifted away from left-wing writers and even from his friends. 2021 Vol. 60 (2): 104-111 [Abstract] ( 702 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1283 KB)  ( 142 ) 112 Extracting the Essence through Chinese-Western Interaction——The Enlightenment of Christian Colleges and Its Educational Endeavors in China Ma Min Christian colleges or universities were an important part of the modern Chinese education and played a significant role in propagating the Western scientific culture and promoting the Sino-West cultural exchanges and accelerating the modernization in China. In light of Christian college research， it is desiderated to break the boundary between the modern history and contemporary history to extract the essence of Christian colleges’ practice in hope of enlightening the contemporary higher education development and substantially speeding up the modernization of China’s higher education from the perspective of educational development and talent cultivating. This paper concluded that the mentioned enlightenments of Christian colleges in China are： (1) highlighting the characteristic and high-quality education； (2) upholding the internationalization and Sino-West integration； (3) emphasizing the faculty team building and talent cultivating； (4) paying attention to the institutionalization and creating open and harmony campuses. 2021 Vol. 60 (2): 112-120 [Abstract] ( 511 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1413 KB)  ( 666 ) 121 The Journal of Lingnan in the Context of Academic Advancement in the 20th Century——Also on the Academic Indigenization of Christian Colleges in China in the Republican Period Wu Yixiong The Journal of Lingnan， a famous periodical issued by the Lingnan University in Guangzhou from 1929 to 1951， witnessed the indigenization of that Christian Private College academically. In the trend of modern knowledge communicating from the West to China， the journal concentrated on introducing Western academic theories and methodologies. It presented a plural modern academic situation by publishing the articles in the fields of sociological investigations， comparative cultural studies， South China botanic studies， and South China geographical studies. Many outstanding articles in the studies of Chinese intellectual history， literary history， political and economic history， art history， philology and linguistics (dialects) reflect the significant academic character of combining traditional classical interpretation with textual research and modern social scientific methods. And the Lingnan cultural study is the most special field for the journal. It could be concluded that the journal won a high academic reputation increasingly for the Lingnan University and South China academia. 2021 Vol. 60 (2): 121-134 [Abstract] ( 512 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (2381 KB)  ( 837 ) 135 Summary of the International Symposium on Thirty Years’ Research on History of Christian Colleges in China Meng Yinglai The International Symposium on the history of Christian Colleges in China was held in Central China Normal University from Oct. 12th to Oct. 13th， 2019. The conference is the commemoration of the first International Conference on the History of Christian Colleges in China held in Central China Normal University in 1989， and the summary of the study on the history of Christian Colleges in China in the past 30 years， and a prospect of the study. It is proposed the conference will provide a broader horizon for the study of the history of Christian Colleges in China and Modern Chinese history， construct the discourse system of Chinese theory， and promote the modernization of Chinese education. 2021 Vol. 60 (2): 135-140 [Abstract] ( 484 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (983 KB)  ( 1003 ) 141 The Image of Yang Zhu in the View of Neo-Confucianism Liu Gusheng　　Zhao Yan As an important figure of Taoism in the pre-Qin Dynasty， Yang Zhu has often been misunderstood and criticized in history. However， the appraisal of Yang Zhu by the Neo-Confucianists Zhu Xi， Lin Xiyi， and the successor of Xinxue in the Ming Dynasty， Zhu Dezhi， is mainly positive and affirmative. Zhu Xi precisely points out that Yang Zhu is Lao Zi’s disciple， and his knowledge is “transcendent and otherworldly”. He regards Yang Zhu as the true heir of Lao Zi and puts Yang Zhu in a significant position in the history of Taoism. In addition， Lin Xiyi summarizes the essence of Yang Zhu’s thoughts， and describes them as “natural and open-minded”. Last but not least， Zhu Dezhi assumes that Yang Zhu’s thoughts are natural， unartificial， broad-minded， and beneficial to the entire world. The aforementioned three Confucian scholars understand Yang Zhu well， and they all confirm Yang Zhu’s theory of “Each one for himself”. Essentially， it reflects that Song and Ming Confucianism has a profound acceptance of the thoughts of Taoism. 2021 Vol. 60 (2): 141-148 [Abstract] ( 781 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1583 KB)  ( 266 ) 149 The Argumentation Dimension of History：Levels， Methods and Spread of Cheng Yi’s Historical Concepts Wang Zhen In the ideological trend of the North Song Dynasty with justice and principles as the new change， Cheng Yi regarded history as an important component of his view of “Tianli”(天理)， and he took “Li”(理) as the primary criterion to judge historical events， examine historical trends and evaluate figures. Cheng Yi used moralism to carry out historical evaluation. In the upsurge of the studies of “Spring and Autumn Annals”(春秋) in the mid-North Song Dynasty， Cheng Yi learned from his own “ Spring and Autumn Annals ” and regarded history as an extension of the studies of Confucian classics. In this way， the historiography was rationalized and used as one of the sources to investigate and probe into the truth of things. His ultimate goal was to construct a Confucian ideal political order. After Cheng Yi， Yang Shi(杨时)， Zhu Xi(朱熹)， Xu Heng(许衡)， Hao Jing(郝经) and other philosophers continued to improve and strengthen Cheng Yi’s historiography tradition. With the officialization of Neo-Confucianism， it spread throughout the country， which profoundly affected the compilation and theory of history in the Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynastiy. From the perspective of the history of thought and political history of the North Song Dynasty， Cheng Yi’s historical concept is the product of the combination of individual perception and the context of the times. Cheng Yi has innovative significance at the level of historical theory. It is the result of his observation of the political order of the past dynasties， which constitutes and perfects his ideological system， and thus has a multi-level space for interpretation. 2021 Vol. 60 (2): 149-159 [Abstract] ( 517 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (2160 KB)  ( 220 ) 160 The Significance and Possible Approaches of Artificial Intelligence Facilitating School Modernization Yang Xiaowei, In recent years， while artificial intelligence technology has been widely applied to education practices， school modernization has attracted massive attention. They have mutually empowered each other. Technology-enabled schools should deal with the opportunities and challenges brought about by the educational application of artificial intelligence. Meanwhile， they essentially empower learning. Therefore， understanding future learning is the epistemological premise for the empowerment of artificial intelligence technology in school modernization. There are five possible approaches to exploring the ways of artificial intelligence facilitating school modernization：the intelligent re-creation of the environment/space， the curriculum innovation guided by “the growing map”， the re-creation of penetrating intelligent throughout the whole teaching process， the subject-object collaboration of teachers and students， and the intelligent governance driven by big data. 2021 Vol. 60 (2): 160-169 [Abstract] ( 484 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1746 KB)  ( 930 ) 170 Reflection on the “Central Collapse” of Chinese Kindergarten Teacher Construction in the Implementation of the Rural Revitalization Strategy Hong Xiumin　　Du Haijun,　　Zhang Mingzhu It is of great significance to promote the construction of rural kindergarten teachers in the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. Through a questionnaire survey of 3184 rural kindergarten teachers in six provinces (municipalities) in eastern， central and western regions，it was found that the rural kindergarten teacher staff in the central region had shown the lowest level in terms of quantity， qualifications， salaries and professional development support. The insufficient financial investment and incomplete investment mechanism in early childhood education， the weak teacher management system and the lack of teacher professional support were the main reasons. Based on the analysis above， the paper proposes to take measures to improve the quantity and quality of rural kindergarten teachers， to improve and ensure the salary and professional development rights of kindergarten teachers in central rural areas. 2021 Vol. 60 (2): 170-178 [Abstract] ( 515 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1341 KB)  ( 732 ) 179 Construction of School Regulations in China： Policy Evolution， Current Problems and Countermeasures Zheng Ning Education policies about school regulations have gone through such different stages of evolution as intervention development， rapid development， standardized development and high-quality development since the founding of the People’s Republic of China. School regulations have become not only an important part for constructing modern school systems， but also a key point for implementing the rule of law at school and promoting the governance of modern schools. However， there are still some problems and deficiencies in school regulations at all levels and types of schools. Facing the goal of building a “high-quality education system” during the “14th Five-year Plan” period， the construction of school regulations should also actively meet the requirement of “high-quality development”， adhere to the value orientation of building morality and fostering people， implement the construction path of legal thinking and legal mode， and take the building of good campus system culture as the construction guarantee. 2021 Vol. 60 (2): 179-188 [Abstract] ( 504 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1649 KB)  ( 488 )

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