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2023 Vol. 62, No. 2
Published: 2023-03-27
34
The Criminals of the Western Han Dynasty Banished to Dunhuang County——An Investigation Centered on the Unearthed Documents in Dunhuang
Zheng Binglin
It was a normal measure for the Western Han government to banish criminals to Dunhuang County. Criminals who came to Dunhuang County could be roughly divided into three types according to the types of personnel： the convicted officials， family members of criminals who have committed heinous crimes， and other criminals. Various types of personnel came to Dunhuang County because of crimes or being implicated， which had great significance in the population growth， economic and cultural development of Dunhuang County. Meanwhile， different people coming to Dunhuang promoted the spread of advanced technology from the Central Plains， and these cultures and technologies would continue to affect the western regions through Dunhuang， thus promoting the exchange of culture and technology between China and the West.
2023 Vol. 62 (2): 34-42 [
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43
The Ideological Starting Point， Approach and Aim of the Study of Chinese Environmental History
Wang Lihua
The environmental crisis gives rise to the study of environmental history， which has made such a great progress that it now reaches prosperity in China. However， its disciplinary system is still immature and demands further theoretical discussions. The study of Chinese environmental history should take the Marxist theory on the relationship between man and nature as the basic guidance， proceed from the first premise of human history， take the natural biological attributes and life needs of human beings as the ideological starting point， and carry out life-centered historical thinking. It should learn from the multi-disciplinary theories such as ecology and the excellent international achievements， apply a multidimensional thinking model of “life network” to sort out the complex relationship of the interface between human system and natural system， and establish a reasonable framework of narrative and argumentation. We should take the exploration of “the way of life” of the Chinese nation as the ideological aim， promote the study of the history of environmental idea and ecological culture， extract conceptual discourse from the native culture， refine the ideological theory， raise the realm of research， and highlight Chinese characteristics.
2023 Vol. 62 (2): 43-55 [
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419
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56
Policy Experimentation， Iterative Learning and Governance Transformation——A Case Study of Sub-District Management Reform in Beijing
Yang Hongshan Gao Han
Policy experimentation is a governance arrangement usually adopted in China's reform， which provides an effective path to steadily promote governance transformation by constructing an enhanced learning mechanism that is driven by issues. Most of the existing studies focus on the organizational model of policy experimentation， whereas little research has been conducted on the policy learning driven by experimentation. From the perspective of issue learning， we construct an analytical framework of “iterative learning and governance transformation”. It is shown that policy experimentation is not a one-shot testing process but is accompanied by continuous iterative learning and knowledge production. Issue learning in policy experimentation can be divided into four stages： the conceptual creation driven by issues， the local experimentation driven by concepts， the policy renewal driven by performance， and the iterative learning driven by issue reconstruction. Successful experiments cause an effect of self-enhancement， and lessons can also be drawn from failed experiments， which will propel policy experimentation towards iterative innovation and the realization of the continuous acquisition and application of knowledge. In the case study， the iterative learning of policy experimentation has been confirmed： after several rounds of policy experimentation， Beijing has smoothly realized the urban grassroots governance transformation.
2023 Vol. 62 (2): 56-64 [
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550
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65
The Conflict between Legitimacy and Effectiveness and Its Solution：Research on the Selection of Policy Tools for Grassroots Public Services
Peng Bo Yang Mingyi
The supply of grassroots public services in China takes up different forms， which can be regarded as the different choices of policy tools. The specific forms can be summarized as direct services， the operation of community-level autonomous organizations， the government purchase， trusteeship， and the operation of the trained social organizations. According to the explanatory dimensions of legitimacy and effectiveness， the selection of policy tools has four types， namely the pragmatic， the symbolic， the coping and the responsive tools. Based on the dual factors of policy situation and policy structure， this paper explains the corresponding strategies adopted by the local government when its selection of tools is under the conflict of legitimacy and effectiveness. The strategies are respectively represented as the absorption of services， the displacement of goals and the response of governance. In order to achieve the mutual promotion between legitimacy and effectiveness， it is suggested that the responsive type of tools be chosen， and its crucial elements， strategic mechanism and working path be specified.
2023 Vol. 62 (2): 65-72 [
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73
“The Evergreen Path”： Constructing Residents' Participation Capacity from the Perspective of Feasible Capacity
Zhang Bichun
The lack of residents' participation is the main problem in the current community governance. Since residents are the main force of community governance， their extensive participation is a key element in the construction of community governance system. Current research either explores the administrative operation factors of residents' participation from the macro scope or focuses on individual factors from the micro scope. The motivation of residents' participation has not been analyzed from both macro and micro perspectives. This study adopts the perspective of feasible capability， selects the two core variables of participation， namely opportunity and autonomy. It proposes the “evergreen” path for residents' participation as a solution to the problem of “weak participation”， which aims at making community residents the de facto participants of community governance.
2023 Vol. 62 (2): 73-80 [
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81
Exploration of Market System in China： An Economic Sociological Perspective
Fu Ping Duan Xinxing
Based on the political-cultural perspective of economic sociology， this work examines the exploration and practice of the socialist market economy system with Chinese characteristics since the reform and opening up， with close attention to the interaction between government and market and the political-cultural mechanisms that make the dominant enterprises in market competition. China's socialist market economy system has gone through the stages of its initial establishment， improvement， and deepening reform. Throughout the continuous evolution of the market， political and cultural factors have been intertwined， deeply embedded in market practices since the reform and opening up， and shaped these practices. The central government has consistently been a crucial actor in constructing the basic form of market system， as well as the rules and processes of market competition. The political-cultural mechanisms have also constructed the segmentation within the factor and product market， directly shaping the formative mechanism and market competition mechanism of state-owned and private enterprises in dominance. The strategy of building a unified national market is a new starting point for perfecting the market system in the context of Chinese path to modernization. It demonstrates the unique institutional civilization of China's market governance， but there are still significant challenges such as reforming the conceptions of market control and breaking local protectionism， which will be a lasting and deep reconstruction process of politics-culture.
2023 Vol. 62 (2): 81-95 [
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409
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96
The Influence of Industrial Technology Upgrading on Educational Investment Decision of Urban Residents
Deng Hongqian, Zhang Yan
This work uses the complexity of industrial technology to measure the level of the local industrial technology upgrading. It testifies the effect of industrial technology upgrading on the urban households and the individual educational investment decisions and its mechanism with the data of Chinese industrial enterprises and the China Urban Household Survey data. The results find that the increase of the complexity of industrial technology will significantly encourage families to increase educational investment and have a positive effect on the chance for school-age teenagers to go to college. The mechanism analysis shows that the upgrading of industrial technology increases the employment demand for local high-skilled labor， which has a crowding-out effect on low-skilled labor. The upgrading of industrial technology has led to a tendency to high-skilled labor in the labor market demand， which is the main reason for the increase in the investment in family education and the increase in demand for individual college education.
2023 Vol. 62 (2): 96-106 [
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107
Research on Algorithmic Time and Its Rethinking
Quan Yan
Since time is a product of social construction， the society embedded with algorithmic platforms has produced a new temporal system—the algorithmic time. Algorithmic time constitutes a fresh and powerful temporality that becomes the meter and scheduler of people's platform life. From the perspective of media archaeology， this technology will bring about cultural intervention embedded into the material world， and computing devices embedded with algorithm technology will change people's “inner sense of time”. With acceleration as the logic of algorithmic time， the more and more sophisticated computational models enriches cultural facts increasingly. Meanwhile， the discrete mechanism of algorithmic time creates appropriate opportunities that meet the user's preferences through the forced promotion of personalized moments， combined with the commercial purposes of the platform. When people give up the production of time to algorithmic machines， they become the most vulnerable link in the algorithmic time ecosystem. Enhancing the transparency of algorithms and breaking the link between platform capitalism and computationalist culture is the key to getting rid of the manipulation of technical time and regaining the diversity of time rhythms.
2023 Vol. 62 (2): 107-113 [
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114
Professionalization and Politicization： The National Journalists' Day after the Victory of Counter-Japanese War (1945－1949)
Zhao Jianguo
In the early period after the victory of Counter-Japanese War (1945－1949)， commemorative events in various forms were organized to celebrate the Journalists' Day (September 1st) in China. By honoring press martyrs， these events not only improved professional image and safeguarded press freedom， but also significantly improved the professional level of journalism. Non-official newspapers and political parties' newspapers and periodicals expressed the occupational blueprint with distinctive political implications， highlighting the politicization of this professional festival and the media： Ta Kung Pao， Shun Pao and Central Daily News envisioned the occupational prospects by applying “the theory of social responsibility”； Communist Party of China's newspapers proposed the concept of “people's journalism” and advocated “journalism transformation”. Before the founding of People's Republic of China， journalism transformation as a main discourse on the National Journalists' Day indicated the utter transformation of press policy and the complete politicization of China's journalism. The socialist transformation of China's journalism would be an important issue of the times.
2023 Vol. 62 (2): 114-126 [
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127
Sinking Dongjing Legend： The Etymological Myth of Historical Memory
Shi Aidong
In the southeast coast， especially the coast of Fujian and Guangdong， there is a popular saying and folklore about “sinking Dongjing， floating ××”， and there is even the “Dongjing Road Monument” pointing at the sea. Legend has it that local people have always identified a certain area of the sea as the site of the “City of Dongjing”， but geological research has repeatedly confirmed that there are no sunken towns in these areas. If the places where the saying of “sinking Dongjing” are pinpointed on a map， it will constitute a diaspora route of the “Song Dynasty in exile” towards the end. In addition， Book of Min from Ming Dynasty also clearly points out the close relationship between “Dongjing” and the traveling dynasty in the late Song Dynasty. Based on historical and folklore investigation， it can be inferred that “sinking Dongjing” is actually a linguistic metaphor for the fall of Song Dynasty， and related legends are the result of what Max Müller called a “language disease”. The legend of “sinking Dongjing” and a large amount of legends about Emperor Bing of Song bear the collective memory of the people of Fujian and Guangdong for thousands of years about the collapse of the Southern Song Dynasty， and express their sympathy and grief for this tragic history.
2023 Vol. 62 (2): 127-137 [
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138
The Dilemma and Possibility of Chinese New Poetry Education
Zhang Taozhou
The topic of Chinese new poetry education has been extensively discussed. From the controversy of teaching contents， the discussion of teaching methods to the definition of educational concepts， the summary of educational functions and values， there is no consensus on what new poetry education is and how to carry out the new poetry education. In addition to the exam-oriented education which takes up or even crowds out the teaching content of new poetry in class， and teachers and students’fear in the face of Chinese new poetry teaching， the dilemma of new poetry education also lies in the contradiction between the universality of teaching objectives and methods and the uniqueness of new poetry in style， and in the discord between the stability of education and teaching process and the continuous regeneration and change of new poetry. It is necessary to review the function of new poetry education from the perspective of the two-way interaction between new poetry and education. In recent years， some research achievements on new poetry have been transformed into educational and teaching achievements. New poetry researchers have participated in writing textbooks and anthologies， and the poetry journals have been engaged in new poetry education， all of which shows the new possibilities of new poetry education. In fact， we can distinguish two types of new poetry education according to its function and form. One is the incorporation of new poetry into the formal school education mechanism， which does not differ from other literary genres in education. The other one is the individualized， ‘non-exam-oriented’ education which means to break the dual barriers that surrounds new poetry and education. It restores the new poetry education to a generalized education， in which individuals will achieve self-improvement physically and mentally through various experiences and practices. Reading and writing poetry is one of the flexible and convenient ways.
2023 Vol. 62 (2): 138-145 [
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146
The Appearances of Plants： The Pluralistic Landscapes of Ancient Chinese Plant Aesthetics
Ding Lirong
Plants in aesthetic activities link the external living environment with people's inner spiritual world. The aesthetics of ancient Chinese plants are colorful and rich in meaning， but there are still rules to observe. According to the different connections to social community， individual sentiments and the metaphysical world， plant aesthetics can be roughly divided into three types. The first is to construct a plant landscape of social identity， which reflects the distinct aesthetic ideology. The second is the landscape that embodies individual sentiments. The aesthetics of this kind of plants focuses on the expression of individual emotions， with distinct personality and artistry. The third is the plant landscape of transcendence. This kind of plant aesthetics embodies metaphysical pursuit and ultimate spirit， which is transcendent and philosophical. The multi-facets of plant aesthetics show the coexistence and mutual support of other beings and mankind， which is the embodiment of the relations between man and nature， man and society， and man and himself. The reflection upon plant aesthetics is conducive to the reconstruction of the deep connection between man and nature and that between man and his spiritual world in the contemporary society.
2023 Vol. 62 (2): 146-153 [
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384
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154
The Evolution of the View of Children and the Future of Children's Philosophical Education
Yang Xiaowei Luo Li
The view of children and educational behavior construct and generate each other. Different views on children lead to varied concepts of and approaches to children's philosophical education. The view of children has evolved from the ‘onefold' to the ‘multi-faceted’， from simplistic opposition to complicated plurality， and from a guest standpoint to a host standpoint in both domestic and international research. Philosophy for children has drawn increasing attention in the educational research and practice from more and more countries. The related research and practice not only establishes philosophy for children as an independent course， but also extends to subject courses and even extracurricular activities as a concept and a method. Children belong to the future， as they experience and witness the present. The future society and future learning that the philosophy for children has to face is worth of anticipation. Children's philosophical education in the future will move towards the love of both “people” and “wisdom”， the integration of philosophy， disciplines and life， and the “popular philosophy” that can be learned by everyone at any time or place.
2023 Vol. 62 (2): 154-164 [
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165
Philosophy for Children： Pointed towards Shaping the Order of Children's Mind
Xu Dongqing
Shaping the order of Children's mind is the basic purpose of the research and practice of the philosophy for children. Through shaping the mental order， children are encouraged to attain inner strength， and release the shaping effect of philosophy education when they face life， reality and self-issues. The shaping process of the mental order is essentially the birth of a “philosopher”. As a metaphor， “children are born philosophers” indicates that the process of human growth is a process of continuous exploration of truth， criticism and reflection， and a process of self-identification achieved through the contradictions between the internal and the external， identity and difference. With the help of the internal and external shaping functions of value order， method order and relationship order， the practice of philosophy for children arrives at the deep development of the value of philosophical education， the reconstruction of educative ecology， and the return to the essence of education.
2023 Vol. 62 (2): 165-170 [
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171
Philosophy for Children： From a School Subject to an Educational Approach
Cheng Liang
Philosophy for children presents itself as a relatively independent subject or program in school. In response to the “subject-oriented” tendency of philosophy for children， proponents defend it by justifying its foundation of children's learning， educational values， curriculum and teaching faculty and so on， while the defense also faces the challenges in making philosophy for children to be instrumental， specialized， comprehensive and structuralized. In order to overcome these challenges and reveal the true value of philosophy for children， we should transform philosophy for children from a subject to an approach that shows respect for children， encourages them to explore ideas， enhances the subjects teaching and learning， and even reconstructs school education.
2023 Vol. 62 (2): 171-179 [
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180
Principles and Pathways of Philosophy for Children in Improving Subjects Teaching
Liu Xueliang
Philosophy for children is an innovative and comprehensive education model that attempts to transform philosophy into pedagogy in order to promote students' development in thinking and growth in personality. It plays an important role in improving the subjects teaching and developing the students' core competencies. Philosophy for children advocates transforming the classroom into a community of philosophical inquiry， further cultivating students' reflective thinking in the process of knowledge learning， and guiding students to synthesizing thinking and knowledge by “doing philosophy”， so as to promote the quality of classroom learning. The application of philosophy for children to improving subjects teaching is manifested in four ways： problem comes first rather than knowledge； fragmented teaching is displaced with systematic design； false Q&A mode is taken place by authentic dialogue； and cooperative inquiry replaces isolated learning. These measures will effectively change the traditional way of teaching subjects， deepen the reform of curriculum and teaching， and cultivate students' core competencies.
2023 Vol. 62 (2): 180-188 [
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