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2023 Vol. 62, No. 5
Published: 2023-09-27
1
The Construction of an Independent Knowledge System for the New Liberal Arts
Gao Lihong
2023 Vol. 62 (5): 1-22 [
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23
World， Practice， Field： The Construction of Political Science with Chinese Characteristics ——A Study Based on the Development of Political Science in the 120-Year History of Central China Normal University
Xu Yong
Establishing political science with Chinese characteristics is an important part of establishing the philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics， as well as the sacred mission of Chinese political scientists， to which the political scientists of Central China Normal University make their own unique contribution to the construction. It is in the change of the world pattern that they have achieved the autonomy of the discipline； in the great practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics and Chinese path to modernization， they have made the discipline independent； and in the academic development based on field studies， they have improved the discipline. However， according to the requirement of constructing political science with Chinese characteristics， political science of Central China Normal University should seriously review the 120-year history， summarize the experience in development， find the gap in development， clarify the direction of development， and strive to make new contributions in the new journey.
2023 Vol. 62 (5): 23-32 [
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358
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33
On the Rationality of Political Purposes
Jiang Chang
Human beings create politics with a purpose， but the political purposes of different countries in different eras are very different. Thus， there is a question of whether the political purposes are justified or not. Political purposes can be divided into fundamental and overarching purposes， as well as derivative and unitary purposes. The former can be regarded as the political ultimate purpose， or ultimate political purpose of politics. The question of rationality of the ultimate political purpose is a key concern of political philosophy， because the rationality of the ultimate political purpose is the fundamental premise and ultimate basis of whether a politics has its due value or whether it is beneficial or harmful. The ultimate political purposes of different countries in different eras in history are varied， and thinkers have provided various theoretical answers to this question. Comparative analysis shows that only the “comprehensive and free development of every individual” (which can be transformed into “comprehensive and free development of all people in society”) proposed by Marx is a truly rational ultimate political purpose. The rationality of this ultimate political purpose lies not only in its embodiment of the requirements of human nature， but also in its absorption of nutrients from various historical views on happiness，and thus it is comprehensive and transcendent. The ultimate political purpose can be regarded as the ultimate goal of political ideals， while political ideals are the planning or design of how to achieve the ultimate political purposes， and the two are essentially consistent. Only when reasonable political purposes are achieved can the nature of politics be truly realized， and politics can have its due value.
2023 Vol. 62 (5): 33-44 [
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452
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45
With Whom？ Why？ How？——Expectation and Current Situation of the Dialogue between the Chinese History and the World History
Sang Bing
Researchers around the world does not have a unified concept of the world history. Accordingly， the dialogue between the studies of the Chinese history and those of the world history will be possible on condition that we minimize the original intention of convenience and focus on enhancing scholarship and understanding. In spite of independent forms and paralleled development in different periods of time and aspects， the histories of China and other countries are interconnected as a whole， which provides necessity and possibility for dialogue and communication. However， the Eurocentric interpretation of civilization and culture result in the lack of a mechanism for equal dialogue in the academic field， which breaks the wholeness of human history. The proposition of a dialogue between the studies of Chinese history and the world history is similar to that of China and the world， which appears to be the very “world” but is in fact very “Chinese”. Aware of the object and the purpose of such a dialogue， we can comprehend the whole process and different aspects of human history by accumulating the learning of various factual interactions between China and other countries. It is the way to realize comprehensive communication and an equal dialogue between the studies of Chinese history and those of other countries and to connect the related historical studies to the studies of the world history.
2023 Vol. 62 (5): 45-55 [
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400
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56
Research Approaches and Methods for the Comprehensive History of Chinese Expositions
Ma Min
In order to truly reflect the nature of “comprehensive” in the comprehensive history of Chinese expositions， one must first meticulously review the various approaches and methods of the academic circles at home and abroad on the studies of the exposition history. Meanwhile， based on the Chinese context and historical events， one should make independent judgments and explore research paths that truly fit the historical realities of Chinese expositions. Secondly， the structure of the book should be built from both perspectives of “internal history” and “external history”. The “internal history” of the exposition refers to the evolution， development， and characteristics of modern and contemporary Chinese expositions. In contrast， the “external history” pertains to the interactions between expositions and various facets of China's economy， politics， culture and society. The historical facts and stories of expositions should be constructed amidst the interweaving and interaction of these two threads. Furthermore， in order to discern the implications behind the surface of exposition history and the underlying meanings of events， one must follow certain historical major threads or themes of common concern to mankind， to delve deeply into the materials， and form corresponding problem awareness， including the three main developmental threads of globalization， localization， and modernization， along with the corresponding awareness of “world”， “nation-state”， and “development”.
2023 Vol. 62 (5): 56-67 [
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305
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68
Heroes， Justice and Communities： Morality and City-State in the Age of Homer
Yan Shaoxiang
Were Homer's heroes morally conscious？ Some scholars have argued that the heroes in the epics had no morality of cooperation and sense of community， but only shame and competition. Dodds' theory of shame culture does inspire some insights into the characteristics of Homer's heroes， but it goes too far to claim that they completely lacked a sense of cooperation and justice. By analyzing the quarrel between Agamemnon and Achilles， it can be found that the heroes show a caprious and self-interested side. They sometimes placed their honor over the community interest. However， other information provided by Homer also shows that some of the heroes had a clear sense of right and wrong and a concern for the community. Discussions of the morality of Nestor and Polydamas suggest that they have a strong sense of the city-state. Agamemnon and Achilles also chose to put the interests of the community first again after experiencing painful choices. In The Odyssey， the nascent idea of justice in the city-state has already sprung up. The moral concepts of Homeric society， as other aspects of Homeric society， are harbingers of the coming city-state in classical Greece.
2023 Vol. 62 (5): 68-90 [
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412
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91
On the Evolution of Ni Zan's Literary Idea
Zuo Dongling
Ni Zan's literary idea has both horizontal richness and a vertical process of developmental process. In the formative years of his youth， he was influenced by his family and his teacher Zhang Yu， manifesting two tendencies， namely， the suppressed indignation of aggressiveness and the idleness of aspiring to transcendence. In the transitional period of middle age， he experienced the turmoil of war and exile， presenting two aspects： gradually from passionate emotional release to casual social interaction. In his later years， he combined the display of integrity and spirit with freewheeling writing， forming Ni Zan's unique style and realm of “transcending one's character” . This is the uniqueness of Ni Zan's literary idea and also that of the transitional period from the Yuan Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty.
2023 Vol. 62 (5): 91-104 [
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305
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105
The Revolution and Reconstruction of the Sound of New Poetry
Wang Zelong
The songful character of traditional poetry underwent a modern transformation into the new poetry.The sound of modern poetry， emphasizing the fusion of language and meaning， is a voice embedded in thought that turns the formalized sound of traditional poetry into a free and lively living voice. The feeling of poetic sound is both a physical sensory activity and a comprehensive sensory aesthetic experience involving consciousness. The sensory function of poetic sound is firstly the acoustic effect of poetic rhyme， which includes the acoustic factors of pronunciation， tone， intonation， lexical combination， semantic structure and so on. Secondly， it is often transformed into the feeling of aural sense through visual effect， and thus acts on the experience of the heart senses， and is presented as a mixed reverberation of the interaction between virtuality and reality through the symbolic performance of the imagery in a large number of modern poems. Modern rhythm is the core element of the sound of new poetry， an open and diversified rhythm with certain regular repetitions in changes， which is the most important aesthetic mechanism of modern poetic sound.
2023 Vol. 62 (5): 105-113 [
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114
On the Phenomenon of “Two Languages” of Chinese Classical and Vernacular Languages in the Late Qing Dynasty and Early Republic of China
Gao Yu
Both the classical Chinese and vernacular Chinese were commonly used at the end of the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China. Whereas the classical Chinese was in the dominant position， vernacular was becoming more and more mature， and there were many intermediate forms between classical and vernacular Chinese， such as half-classical and half-vernacular， and virtual classical Chinese， that is， “modern Chinese”. Language is the deep foundation of thought. Classical Chinese is particularly suitable for expressing ancient Chinese thought and culture， while the “national language” can express modern thought accurately and effectively. The “two languages” of Chinese is both the phenomenon of and reason for the active modern ideology and culture in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China. At the ideological level， modern Chinese language and its development reflect the situation and development of Chinese ideology and culture after the Song Dynasty. In the late Qing and early Republican periods， the Chinese language tended to become more and more vernacular-based， supplemented by classical Chinese， and eventually underwent a transformation from ancient Chinese to modern Chinese. The Chinese language in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China was very complex in structure， and the vernacular and the literary language coexisted， conflicting and harmonizing and complementing each other. The “chaos” on the surface was in fact a manifestation of plurality， inclusiveness， tension， abundance， complexity， vitality， and a variety of possibilities， and the “chaos” was the deeper reason for the ideological and cultural vitality of the society in this period.
2023 Vol. 62 (5): 114-124 [
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534
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125
Algorithmic Interpretation： A Literary Problem in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
Zeng Jun
The big language models represented by ChatGPT and Wenxinyiyan show the great potential of “AI generation”. Computing through algorithms is the fundamental difference between computer programming languages and natural human languages， and it is an important dimension in understanding AI. Introducing algorithms into literary studies requires， on the one hand， an understanding of the logic behind the algorithms， and on the other hand， an understanding of the process of continuous “digitization” of literary studies itself. Literary studies has long been concerned with algorithm-related issues. The “methodology fever” of the 1980s not only took cybernetics and information theory related to AI as important scientific foundations and sources of ideas， but also began to incorporate existing literary and artistic resources as much as possible， in attempt to realize the literary and aesthetic appropriation of the ideas and methods of the “three theories”， which constituted the theoretical “precursor” of introducing algorithms to literary studies. There are two approaches to study the interpretation of algorithm. One is to take the algorithm as an object and compare the operation logic and execution process of the algorithm with the activities of literary creation and literary research， and then discuss the characteristics of the interpretation of the algorithm as an object. Based on the related theoretical thinking of Western literary theories in the 20th century， the interpretation of algorithms as objects can be named as the “writable interpretation” of “human-computer interaction”. The second approach is to take algorithms as a method to empower literary creation and literary research，an activity that was previously purely in the realm of spiritual production， through the application of the data processing ability of the algorithms and the evaluation of its effectiveness in realizing their tasks， so as to improve the effectiveness of literary creation and research. “Digital humanities” (or “humanistic computing”) is the name given to this complementary approach， which has been in development for nearly 90 years. In the age of artificial intelligence， the study of literature has the potential to realize “overall interpretation” of literary meaning.
2023 Vol. 62 (5): 125-134 [
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412
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135
On the Issues of Language Data inthe Era of Human-Machine Symbiosis
Li Yuming
Human beings have continuously created various language technologies to assist the application of language and improve language life， ranging from rope writing and ideograms to the creation of writing symbols， the application of printing， and the popularization of broadcasting and filming， and now we have entered the stage of modern language technology represented by the Internet and linguistic intelligence. The direct “human-human” communication method is gradually decreasing， while the indirect “human-machine-human” communication method is becoming the norm， and the future is entering the era of “human-machine symbiosis” where humans are equipped with AI assistants. The language model represented by ChatGPT is the peak of the development of human language technology today， which shows the powerful function of big data， especially that of the language data. However， the knowledge deficiencies shown in the language expression of the language model are caused by the lack of “special domain data” on the network in specialized fields， special populations， special scenarios， and non-common languages. Data， including language data， has become a key element in the development of new science and technology and a production factor of modern economy. It is necessary to manage data with laws， regulations， norms and standards， promote the production， circulation and utilization of data through the data market， and effectively make up for the lack of data on the Internet by gathering “special domain data” through the data companies in a planned way. It is also necessary to promote citizens' ability to adapt to AI assistants through language intelligence education， and shift the labor force to new positions generated by new technologies in a timely manner through the job market forecasting mechanism. Data management should be appropriately lenient and stringent， so as to promote the development of linguistic intelligence as much as possible， but also to ensure that the technology is good and moves forward on an ethical track.
2023 Vol. 62 (5): 135-143 [
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252
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144
Types of Argumentative Discourse and the Use of Complex Sentences
Liu Yun
As a relatively widely used discourse， argumentative discourse includes different subordinate discourse types. However， the current phenomenological analysis and theoretical summarization of the commonalities and differences between these subordinate discourse types in terms of the use of metathesis and complexity have yet to be expanded. Specifically， thesis and refutation are two types of subordinate discourse divided according to the difference of argumentation. While the commonalities between thesis and refutation are significant in the use of complex sentences， the differences are localized and secondary. The commonalities are mainly manifested in the fact that both the thesis and the refutation use transitions， assumptions， juxtapositions， and cause and effect as the dominant types of complex sentences， especially based on the positive and negative argumentation method and factual basis， which can be found to have the highest number of transitive complex sentences in the argumentative discourse. The difference is mainly manifested in the higher absolute proportion of transitive clauses in the thesis and the higher absolute proportion of progressive clauses in the refutation， and this linguistic phenomenon is closely related to the tendency of the thesis and the refutation in the argumentative discourse. The factual arguments composed of transitive clauses are more in line with the habitual thinking of the thesis， and the refutation has a more obvious linguistic need to push the exposition to the extreme.
2023 Vol. 62 (5): 144-149 [
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403
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150
The Projection of Conjunctions in Mandarin Conversation
Yao Shuangyun
Projection is one of the important features of oral interactive communication. Projection operates within different levels of structure such as macro-projection and micro-projection， which reflects its structural hierarchy；projection can occur at different content levels such as lexical， semantic， syntactic， pragmatic， and phonetic， which reflects its content hierarchy； projection can vary cross-linguistically in time，including “early projection” and “delayed projection”；projection varies across grammatical units，which means that particular structures， actions or stances tend to be projected with particular grammatical units， and the projection ability is also related to specific grammatical units. As an active interactional resource， conjunctions in spoken Chinese have a strong projection ability， which is mainly manifested in three aspects： 1) the projection of conjunctions on grammatical structures， which can be specifically divided into two types： macro-projection and micro-projection， of which macro-projection can be divided into two-party parallel structures and one-party parallel structures； 2) the projection of conjunctions on interactional functions， such as the projection of position and the projection of cognitive modification； 3) the projection of conjunctions on social behavior， such as predicting the type of action， continuing/restarting a pre-existing course of action， and advancing/impeding the progress of action.
2023 Vol. 62 (5): 150-160 [
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283
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161
On the Synergy of Carbon Reduction， Pollution Reduction and Efficiency Enhancement——Measurement of Sulfur and Carbon Emission Reduction Efficiency for High Energy Consumption Enterprises Based on SBM Model
Tu Zhengge
In order to achieve the Chinese path to modernization in which human beings and nature coexist harmoniously， it is necessary to coordinate the development of the economy and the environment， and it is even more necessary to synergize the promotion of carbon reduction and pollution reduction. Based on the data of industrial enterprises in the high energy-consuming industries in China， a Slack-Based Model(SBM) is constructed， considering carbon reduction (industrial carbon dioxide) and pollution reduction (industrial sulfur dioxide)， to measure the efficiency of sulfur and carbon emission reduction in high energy-consuming enterprises. Based on the measurement of the synergistic efficiency of sulfur and carbon emission reduction， the enterprises are divided into four emission reduction patterns： “sulfur and carbon synergy”， “heavy sulfur reduction”， “heavy carbon reduction” and “lagging behind in emission reduction”. This paper defines the types of emission reduction of different industries and within those industries， and provides a reference for the implementation of differentiated emission reduction policies for different industries and enterprises， and then solves the problem of “low-carbon but not environmental friendly” or “environmentally friendly but not low-carbon”.
2023 Vol. 62 (5): 161-174 [
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353
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175
Prospect for the Development of the Discipline of China’s Education History in the Twenty-First Century
Zhou Hongyu
The discipline of China’s education history is an important part of Chinese pedagogy， which has been in development for more than 120 years. Standing from the height of the times， this article gives a prospective thought on the development of the discipline of China’s education history in the 21st century from the two big pictures： the global perspective and China’s development. In the new century， in order to enhance the role that the discipline of education history plays， and make new contributions to academia and society in the new journey of national construction and rejuvenation， firstly， researchers in education history should more consciously adhere to the research purpose of “applying the past experience and wisdom to the present， and applying the foreign experience and wisdom to China”， which fully shows that the purpose of studying ancient Chinese education history is to provide experience and motivation for the current education reform， and highlights that the purpose of studying foreign education history is to provide reference and methodology for the development of China’s education. Secondly， researchers in the education history should be clear about the dual mission of inheriting and learning from the past， and give full play to the role of education history in guiding the education reform and developmental practice， and predicting future trends of the development of education. Thirdly， researchers in education history should promote the pursuit of diversity in education history in keeping with the times， and vigorously explore interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary studies.Fourthly，researchers in education history should strive to build a discipline system， academic system and discourse system of the education history with Chinese characteristics.
2023 Vol. 62 (5): 175-184 [
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379
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185
Unity of Knowledge and Action： The Connotations and Educational Guidelines of the Domains of Knowledge and Action
Guo Yuanxiang
Knowledge and action are the core domains of multi-disciplinary studies. In the history of epistemology in China， the domain of knowledge summarizes the issues of the relationship between heaven and human， mind and matter， foreseeing and learning to know， knowing and not knowing， studying the nature of things and gaining knowledge， which involves the logical， methodological and genetic foundations of the domain of knowledge. Knowledge has historical， cultural and social significance for educational activities that promote human development. The domain of action encapsulates the practical essence of man's perceptual， subjective and purposeful activities； it summarizes the active nature， value orientation， ethical qualities of human behavior and practical characteristics of social activities in the interaction between human and the objective world. For promoting human development， action is the perceptual foundation for the acquisition of true knowledge and concepts， the fundamental way for people to form social relationships with the objective world， and the purposeful activity of actively participating in and changing the objective world. The opposition between the domains of knowledge and action is mainly reflected in the distinction of difficulty， order and importance， while their unity and consistent relation are reflected in that they serve as the basis， purpose and process for each other， as well as their value correlation and value consistency of educational functions. The unity of knowledge and action is their mutual reinforcement and integration in essence. To implement the fundamental task of promoting morality and cultivating people， the reform of educational modes must follow the law of the unity of knowledge and action， bring into play the educational function of knowledge and action， carry out the comprehensive development in education， promote the integration of education and labor and the harmony of body and mind， maintain the practical relationship between students and the objective world and enhance the practical sense of education， optimize learning forms and promote the advancement of perceptual learning and rational learning， achieve the conceptualization and activation of knowledge and cultivate students' ability to solve complex problems in real situations.
2023 Vol. 62 (5): 185-194 [
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561
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