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2024 Vol. 63, No. 2
Published: 2024-03-27
42
The Historical Logic and Understanding Path of Marxism on the “Transition from History to World History”——From the Perspective of the Determinacy of Human History
Xing Guangcheng
Marxist authors of classics put forward the proposition of “the transition from history to world history” to examine the connection between human history entering the era of “world history” and the proletariat and communism， pointing out the inevitability of human society moving towards communism. The concept of “human history” in the works of Marx and Engels means exactly the integration of “history” and “world history” . Starting from the classical authors' assertion about “human history”， this paper argues that one of the most prominent characteristics of human history is its determinacy. That is to say， human history presents everything that has ended， happened， and that is unchangeable and “hardened”. Human history is the sum of all the past activities. This is the original state of human history. The determinacy of human history provides researchers with scales and norms. Since human history has a complete spatial-temporal structure， the “Western-centrism” elongates Western history and occupies historical “space” more than it is， which is a conscious distortion and systematically artificial construction of the spatial-temporal structure of human history. In this case， world history researchers in China need to make use of historical materialism in order to analyze and answer urgent issues faced by humanity.
2024 Vol. 63 (2): 42-56 [
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57
The Scientists and the Cold War Policy of the United States
Zhao Xuegong
The U.S. scientists played a very important role in the origin， evolvement and end of the Cold War. They are divided into two camps of proponents and opponents of the US Cold War policy. One camp of scientists opposed the arms race， advocated the implementation of international control of nuclear weapons， a comprehensive ban on nuclear testing， and sought détente in East-West relations through international cooperation. The other camp advocated ensuring U.S. national security by technological advances， supporting the vigorous development of nuclear forces， seeking absolute superiority over the Soviet Union as a means of deterrence against the Soviet Union， and using nuclear weapons when necessary to realize the U.S. political and military intentions. Both camps exerted influence on the United States policy-making through various channels， and the rivalry between them lasted throughout the Cold War era.
2024 Vol. 63 (2): 57-66 [
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67
Integration and Traditionalization： “The State of Confucianism and Law” or the Rule of Li？
Ren Feng Li Huan
“The State of Confucianism and Law”， as an established model that encapsulates the qualities of the Chinese political system after the Qin and Han dynasties， does not adequately assess the foundational significance of the Rule of Li(礼) for the structure of the Chinese state， and is prone to presenting a historical-political narrative that disconnects the past and the present. The principle of the central unification order initiated by the Zhou Li manifests itself in integration and traditionalization. Integration encompasses the integration of ruling power， the integration of community ethics， and the integration of family and state economies， which originated from the feudalism， patriarchy， and the well field system of Zhou Li and profoundly influenced the institution of unifying the counties. Traditionalization refers to the historical continuation of the spirit of the Li order， presented as the ruling system， the ethics system and the living system. The integration process was constantly advanced by the interconnection and mutual support of the three systems. It was the integration and traditionalization of Rule of Li that ensured the continuance of the basic structure of the great unitary state in the face of the crisis of order， and the modern transformation from an ancient civilization in the process of further deepening the integration of ethnic groups， the economy and the levels of governance.
2024 Vol. 63 (2): 67-75 [
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76
On Liang Qichao's Acceptance， Rejection of and Return to Rousseau's Thought on State
Li Jian
Rousseau has a profound influence on Liang Qichao's political thought， and Liang Qichao's acceptance and rejection of Rousseau's thought is an important perspective in the study of Liang Qichao's political thought and that of “Rousseau and China”. However， Rousseau's influence was not unchanging， and Liang Qichao's attitude towards Rousseau's political thought went through a process of acceptance， skepticism， rejection， and finally return， a transformation closely related to the evolvement of Liang Qichao's own political thought， of which the changes of Liang Qichao's attitude towards Rousseau's thought on state and the evolvement in that of his own provides a good example. Responding to the rapidly changing political situation in the transitional period， Liang Qichao's varied and divergent thought on state has left a diverse intellectual legacy for the unfolding of modern Chinese political thought. However， even though Liang Qichao's attitude towards Rousseau's thought on state and that of his own underwent many changes， Liang Qichao's thought on state remained intrinsically unified in its flux， and he was always committed to building a public state.
2024 Vol. 63 (2): 76-85 [
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86
Ecological Holism and Prosperity of the Life Community
Long Jingyun
The confluence of anthropocentrism and materialism in modern times is the profound root cause of serious ecological and environmental crises， and is also the historical background for the formation of ecological holism. In essence， ecological holism refers to an ecological social ideology that advocates human beings to completely abandon the arbitrary value theory of their own supremacy， and advocates and upholds equality， mutual benefit， and harmonious coexistence between man and nature. The essence of ecological holism is that “man and nature are a life community”. Ecological holism firmly holds that every life form on the earth has the equal right to survive and develop. Human beings should promote and realize the relationship between man and nature in the spirit of ecological responsibility of “serving the heaven and the earth” in Chinese philosophy， in order to achieve the harmonious coexistence and mutual benefit and common prosperity. As far as China is concerned， the practice of ecological holism in China is based on the “four unity principles”， the unity of the people-oriented and nature-oriented ideas， the unity of being kind to people and being compatible with things， the unity of happiness in life and beauty of ecology， the unity of social justice and ecological justice. These four principles improve and innovate ecological holism to promote the prosperity of the life community and build a new form of ecological civilization in which man and nature coexist harmoniously.
2024 Vol. 63 (2): 86-95 [
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96
Environmental Justice in Service of Rural Ecological Revitalization and an Interpretation of Its Logic
Wang Qingjun Yu Lang
Environmental justice in service of rural ecological revitalization is a prominent topic. The new development concept of the Constitution and the ecological national goals and tasks provide a normative basis for exerting the judicial power to execute the responsibility in rural environmental governance. Environmental justice under China's party-government system has a special responsive function， which has an overlay effect on governance while realizing environmental justice. After the system reform， the national procuratorial organs can effectively take over the legislative power， organically integrate the administrative power and orderly connect the judicial power. They highlight the distinctive connotation from the judicial power of the court in restraining administrative power， and realize the interaction between the “administrative governance” and the “judicial supervision”. The procuratorial organs play their roles as supervisors of government performance， coordinators of linkage and sectors， organizers of diverse participation， and stabilizers of governance mechanisms， to eliminate the contradictions， absences and rigidity in the rural environmental governance led by government， and instill new connotations into the environmental justice in service of rural ecological revitalization. Meanwhile， there are also risks of over-expansion， neglect of process supervision， political capture and excessive competition， which demand countermeasures to deal with.
2024 Vol. 63 (2): 96-105 [
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106
How Do Service-Oriented Social Organizations Promote Policy Advocacy？ ——A Case Analysis Based on an Extensive Advocacy Alliance Framework
Yang Bao Li Wanliang
Government-society cooperation in public services has become common practice， but the process of policy advocacy driven by service-oriented social organizations still lacks explicit explanation. Based on an extensive advocacy alliance framework， this work examines the process and mechanism of service-oriented social organizations establishing government-society cooperative alliance and their policy learning. Based on a close case study， this work finds that： first， service-oriented social organizations take advantage of the political opportunities brought about by changes in “relatively stable parameters” such as governance modernization to form loose government-society cooperation， and leverage the “external events of subsystems” of the mass group reform to build a close government-society cooperative alliance bonded by mass group. Second， the government-society cooperative alliance carries out “experimental learning” based on the principle of “iteration and recursion” of policies， and reach consensus in policy through the stages from venture capital demonstration and exploration， horizontal comparative experiment to authoritative promotion and diffusion. Third， whether forming alliances or policy learning， service-oriented social organizations and mass groups are the key “dual policy brokers”， mobilizing local governments to support advocacy alliances through “professional plans” and “network intermediaries” respectively. The research conclusion provides a theoretical explanation for service-oriented policy advocacy of social organizations in the new era and enriches the domestic research on the advocacy alliance framework.
2024 Vol. 63 (2): 106-117 [
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118
Conflicts in Multiple Institutional Logic and Action Strategies in the Implementation of Social Policies ——A Case Study of the Establishment of Public Cultural Service Demonstration Area in City T
Xu Xiaofeng Chen Shixiang
The context of implementing social policies is often divergent and competitive. Thus， how to balance the interests and values of multiple subjects in order to promote local economic development and provide sufficient public welfare for the general population is a challenging issue for local governments. By virtue of this， the paper develops an analytical framework of multiple institutional logic， taking the process of creating a public cultural service demonstration area in City T， Hubei Province， as a case study， to examine the competition in the multiple logic and action strategies of local governments in the implementation of social policies. The research finds that the local implementation of social policies faces multiple institutional logic. The conflicts of multiple institutional logic under the institutional pressure and tension of action situations are the institutional basis for local governments to strategically implement social policies. The cognitive schemas of key actors constitute the micro foundation of policy implementation， and the continuous interaction between institutions and actors leads situational autonomy to a short-term or long-term behavioral strategy for local governments to deal with conflicts. This study opens a new perspective for understanding the implementation process of social policies by integrating more dynamic institutional environments with grassroots behavioral patterns， elucidating and revealing “why policy implementation takes such forms，” and advancing the micro foundation of research on policy implementation.
2024 Vol. 63 (2): 118-128 [
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129
Contextual Intertextuality： Li Jinfa's Theory of New Poetry Creation
Chen Aizhong
As a representative poet of the early Symbolist Poetry School， Li Jinfa holds an important position in the history of Chinese New Poetry. He introduced the writing techniques of French Symbolist poetry into the creation of Chinese New Poetry， and explored the writing methods of Chinese New Poetry with traditional Chinese as the medium， and created another possibility of the modernity of Chinese poetry in addition to the May Fourth vernacular poetry. His self-awareness， individualistic writing concept， and the Continental writing context imbue his poetry with a unique poetic textual structure， and the monologue poetry and intellectual poetry writing tendency are the main reasons for the obscure criticism， which are also the achievements of his poetry.
2024 Vol. 63 (2): 129-136 [
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137
On the Aesthetic Style of Political Lyric Poetry of the 1950s and 1960s
Yuan Lin
The political lyric poetry of the 1950s and 1960s faithfully recorded the social changes and public life after the foundation of People's Republic of China， and presented three aesthetic styles as a whole： the sublime beauty of grandeur in grand narratives， the beauty of freshness and tranquility in daily narratives， and the absurdity caused by bad social customs in alienated situations. Whether it expressed the magnificence of the revolutionary heroic spirit of socialist construction， showed the beauty of happiness in daily life， or satirized the absurdity in alienated social situations， the core value of the poetry still pointed to the pursuit of truth， goodness， and beauty.
2024 Vol. 63 (2): 137-143 [
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144
Three Semantic Levels and Variant Text in Annotated Classics——The Annotated Classics of The Analects of Confucius as the Focus
Yu Zhihan
Annotated classics include three semantic levels： word meaning， text meaning and exegesis. Every semantic level can affect the use of characters and result in variant choices of characters. This paper focuses on the annotated classics of The Analects of Confucius， and analyzes the restriction and balance between the semantic levels and variant text. Firstly， the correspondence between Chinese characters is diachronic. Later generations used differentiated characters， common characters， original characters that were used to modify the earlier characters， variant characters， and Tongjia characters， which resulted in variant characters. Secondly， the text meaning is compatible. Later generations used synonyms as substitutes， since “synonyms can be used in general terms， but must be distinguished when they appear relatively”， or “characters can be based on scriptures” to express the literal meaning， which will also lead to the rise of variant text in later generations. Thirdly， the exegesis after annotation participated in the construction of the system of text meaning. Later generations chose the characters whose forms were more in line with the exegesis， which resulted in the phenomenon of “modifying scriptures based on annotations”， and also the text varied in later versions. In general， the variant text appeared in later generations was dedicated to strengthening the connection between characters and all semantic levels.
2024 Vol. 63 (2): 144-150 [
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151
The Co-occurrence of “Bei” and “Ba” Sentences in Chinese Dialects
Wang Yingying
There is a widespread phenomenon in Chinese dialects that passive and disposal forms are simultaneously used in one sentence， which is the co-occurrence of “bei” (which suggests “being done”) and “ba” (which suggests “to do”). The co-occurrence sentences can be divided into three categories： integrated， embedded， and compound， with the functions of regulating the focus， providing economical conciseness， and strengthening the coherence of discourse. These sentences sprouted in Tang Dynasty， and have ever been used since their evolution and maturity in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Their coming into existence is the result of the joint action of multiple factors， among which the high degree of harmony between the passive and disposal forms is the prerequisite， along with quantity iconicity， markedness iconicity， and utterance-intention iconicity as the cognitive motivations. Generated by conceptual fusion， the co-occurrence sentences can be regarded as linguistic representations of event fusion.
2024 Vol. 63 (2): 151-159 [
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160
The Turn to “Learning” in Education Study ——An Enquiry into the Occurrence Mechanisms of Learning and the Implementation Mechanisms of Pedagogic Action
Wang Yousheng
In modern educational theory and practice， “education” has commonly become the concept that encapsulates and substitutes the concept of “learning”， whereas “learning” has commonly been taken for granted as the outcome of “teaching”. This substitution and transgression of “education” for “learning” leads to the displacement of the connotations of education and ignorance of the true nature of learning. There is a fundamental difference between “education” and “learning” as human social actions in the aspects of intention as well as the actual progress. Education means to promote development of others， while learning means individual participation and engagement in human social consciousness and the living world. Education and learning are always related to particular forms of knowledge. There are different kinds of occurrence mechanisms of learning in different kinds of cultural knowledge fields. Mimesis-based learning， dialogue-based learning， research-based learning， and liberal-knowledge-based learning are the typical occurrence mechanisms of learning. The implementation of pedagogic action is no more than promoting learning. There ought to be different implementation mechanisms according to different occurrence mechanisms of learning. Making distinctions can lead to wise pedagogic action.
2024 Vol. 63 (2): 160-168 [
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169
The Relationship between Playing Video Games and Individual Creativity——An Analysis Based on Empirical Research
Peng Ji Zhou Zongkui
The relationship between playing video games and individual creativity has attracted great attention in the academia. The impact of playing video games in daily situations on creativity is still unclear， and existing studies have divergent conclusions. However， the promotion effect of video games on creativity in teaching situations has been relatively fully supported by research. In addition， existing research has also preliminarily explored the impact mechanism of video games on creativity， revealing the mediating role of cognitive， emotional， and motivational factors in the relationship between playing video games and individual creativity. From the results of the current research， it can be found that three types of video games， namely sandbox， puzzle solving and simulation management， can effectively promote creativity. Future research should carry out more systematic and accurate operational definitions and measurements of video game-related variables， pay attention to the analysis of the playing process of video games， and further explore the effects and mechanisms of other types of video games on creativity， and develop and promote tools that are conducive to creativity or educational video games.
2024 Vol. 63 (2): 169-178 [
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How Does the Support from Family and School Affect the Creativity of Primary and Secondary School Students？——An International Comparative Analysis Based on SSES
Wang Qian Tang Yipeng
Since the 21st century， innovation has become a common goal for most developed countries in the world， and the development of creativity has gradually become the focus of educational efforts in all countries. In 2021， the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development released the results of the first international study on the development level of primary and secondary school students' social and emotional skills， in which creativity was measured as an important dimension of open-mindedness. Based on the data of SSES released by OECD， by comparing the data of Suzhou， China， and other OECD cities that participated in the evaluation， this study analyzes the influential factors on primary and secondary school students' creativity. It then uses a two-level hierarchical linear model to examine the effects of family and school factors on primary and secondary school students' creativity. According to the study， students from Suzhou score significantly higher than students from other cities of the OECD countries on measures of punitive parents， parent-child relationships， extracurricular activities， teacher-student relationships， and self-evaluation of creativity， while scores on measures of family socioeconomic status and understanding parents are significantly lower than those of the latter group. Significant age and gender differences exist in the development of students' creativity. The development of students' creativity is greatly influenced by family support， while the effects of specific dimensions vary. Support from school has a very prominent positive effect on students' development in creativity. The level of students' creativity is a crucial component of both social advancement and personal growth. In light of this， we ought to pay attention to the difference in individuality， and encourage the potential for creative development； we ought to prioritize the family support and nurture a family environment that is conducive to the cultivation of creativity； we ought to strengthen the support from school and improve the quality of students' creative thought.
2024 Vol. 63 (2): 179-188 [
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