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2024 Vol. 63, No. 3
Published: 2024-05-27
26
Breadth， Depth and Effectiveness： The Characteristics and Practice Shaping of Comprehensively Deepening Reform
Zhao Lingyun
As a new form of reform， the comprehensively deepening reform is unprecedented in terms of its breadth， depth and effectiveness. These characteristics have come into being through the practice of reform since 2014. The Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee in 2013 initially answered the questions of why China needed comprehensively deepening reform， what was comprehensively deepening reform， and how to comprehensively deepen reform. However， a path of comprehensively deepening reform was ultimately explored on the basis of the practice between 2014 and 2023. During this period， by continuous improvement of the top-level reform plan and the gradual clarification of the promotion stages of reform， the question of “what is comprehensive reform” was further answered and the path of comprehensive reform was found. Comprehensively deepening reform exists in not only the top-level design， but also the practical exploration. The form and characteristics of comprehensively deepening reform are rooted in practice， so it promotes the integration and transformation of reform efficiency and institutional advantage， institutional advantage and development efficiency， institutional advantage and governance efficiency， realizes the maximum reform efficiency， and demonstrates the “critical move” of the reform in China's development. The breadth， depth and effectiveness constitute the form and characteristics of comprehensively deepening reform， which provide rich inspirations for the further comprehensively deepening reform.
2024 Vol. 63 (3): 26-40 [
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41
The New Development of the Communist Party of China to the People-Oriented Thought——An Analysis from Ontology， Teleology， Epistemology and Methodology
Yang Lihua
The people-oriented thought is the most valuable heritage of China's traditional politics and national governance. On the basis of adhering to “integrating the essence of Marxism with the essence of China's excellent traditional culture”， the Communist Party of China has “creatively transformed and inventively developed” the traditional people-oriented thought at the levels of ontology， teleology， epistemology and methodology， and initiated a new stage for the development of people-oriented thought. At the ontological level， it breaks through the limitations of “providential politics” and “relationship theory”， and establishes a thorough “of the people， for the people and by the people” theory； at the teleological level， it deepens the thought of “all things are for the people” and “benefiting the people”， and confirms the systematic thought of “serving the people wholeheartedly” that those in power must follow； at the epistemological level， it deepens the traditional theory of“people's position” and “people's way”， and puts forward the theory of the path of “people's understanding” that insists on the “unity of knowing and practicing”； at the methodological level， it transcends the thought of “benevolent government” under the “monarchy”， and establishes the people's democratic governance as the form of the state， the people's congress system as the form of government， people-oriention and the institutional system of people's democracy in the whole process. The new development of the CPC’s people-oriented thought not only meets the needs to develop and innovate the people-oriented thought sustainably， but also meets the needs to provide effective theoretical interpretation of China's national governance reality. Indeed， the new development of people-oriented thought is also facing many new tasks.
2024 Vol. 63 (3): 41-52 [
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53
Marriage Squeeze-out： On Marriage Challenges for Young Women in County Systems
Yang Hua
The growing population of unmarried thirtyish women within county systems has attracted attention to the marriage dilemmas faced by young women employed in these systems. Research indicates that unlike the obstacles encountered by unmarried thirtyish men in rural areas， the challenges confronting unmarried thirtyish women in county systems are not a result of a surplus of women or gender “squeeze” in the marriage market. Instead， these challenges stem from the constrained social environment within county societies and the prevalence of the “men superior， women inferior” matchmaking norm. With this group of women's high levels of education， social status， capabilities， and accomplishments， there is a scarcity of eligible men in the county marriage market to meet their standards， so some of them digress from the typical path to marriage. The structure of “squeeze-out” in the county marriage market includes gender exclusion， system exclusion， and spatial exclusion. The “squeezed-out” are the young women working within county systems rather than young men or women outside these systems. Given the persistence of the “squeeze-out” structure in the county marriage market， young women employed in county systems who desire marriage must either establish relationships at a younger age with lower social status， challenge the “men superior， women inferior” norm， or seek partners outside the systems. Alternatively， they may need to leave the county systems and engage themselves in the broader national marriage market competition.
2024 Vol. 63 (3): 53-62 [
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63
Linking the State and Farmers： Party Building， Administrative Embedding and Grassroots Elections——An Empirical Analysis Based on the Fight against Poverty Project
Zhang Jingxian Meng Tianguang
Poverty alleviation serves as a strategic initiative to enhance the grassroots governance by the Party building， in the process of which the Party， government and rural society interact with each other， thereby profoundly influencing the grassroots elections. According to the analytical framework of the tripartite interaction among the Party， government and rural society， the resource input， administrative embedding， and Party building are identified as three mechanisms for the poverty alleviation to exert its influence on the grassroots elections. Based on data from the 2018 China Labor-force Dynamics Survey and employing a continuous difference-difference design to conduct the effect evaluation， this study has found that the poverty alleviation program generally increases the voter turnout in grassroots elections， which has a political effect on promoting the democratic governance in villages. Mechanism analysis reveals that the poverty alleviation decreases the voter turnout to some extent through the mechanisms of resource input and administrative embedding， while significantly increasing the turnout through the mechanism of Party building， and the intermediary effect of Party building is more substantial than the former two. In conclusion， the Party building in poverty alleviation plays a pivotal role in linking the state and farmers， and effectively drives the grassroots democratic governance.
2024 Vol. 63 (3): 63-76 [
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77
An Economic Interpretation of the Market
Zhao Deqi
In the history of economic society， the market plays an important role and shows great vigor and vitality. The results of different market operation practices around the world and those of the same market operation practice in different regions vary greatly， the logic of which is worth studying. Taking this as a starting point， this paper conducts an in-depth exploration of the operating logic of the market from the essential characteristics and internal connections of factors that are closely related to the market， such as knowledge， creativity， power， price， competition， currency，and third-party power. This paper holds that the market is a system created by people who acquire creativity from knowledge， with price， competition， currency and some other elements as its core elements and improves the transaction efficiency of economic goods through the transfer of property rights under the protection of the third party， so as to better meet the demand of the traders' creativity being matched. Main conclusions： first， the development level of the market is fundamentally marked by the degree of satisfaction of traders' demand， and the imbalance between supply and demand of economic goods， rights， third-party power and creativity in the market is essentially the decline of the degree of satisfaction of traders' demand. Second， traders' creativity is the fundamental driving force of market development. It is perfectly matched with the degree of satisfaction of their demand in the market. Specialized knowledge will continuously stimulate the creativity of traders. Third， the elastic range of price generates the elastic range of competition. The two ranges are the important support for market vitality. Fourth， the third party can not only ensure market transactions， but also exerts its allocating power to correct and accelerate the market. Fifth， in terms of market operation mechanisms with different structures constructed by market elements， it is more about one keeping in line with the actual market mechanism than a matter of good or bad mechanisms themselves that can realize the function of improving the degree of satisfaction of traders' demand.
2024 Vol. 63 (3): 77-93 [
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94
How do the Differences in the Implementation of Policies on Equalization of Basic Public Services in Counties Come into Being？——An Exploratory Analysis Based on the Grounded Theory
Zhang Qichun Ming Zhu
The implementation of county policies is a key link in achieving the policy goal of equalizing basic public services as planned. The study by the grounded theory has found that the different strategic choices of county-level executive entities lead to differences in the process and effectiveness of the implementation of equalization policy. This is manifested as the different characteristics in the degree and level of equalization under different strategies， in spite of the achievement in the standard of overall equalization in counties through different execution strategies such as normalization， movement， and flexibility. We construct a theoretical model and analyze the formation mechanism： during the preparation and operation stages of policy implementation， characteristics， pressure， resource scenarios， and mechanisms of the administrative management system of the policy affect the behavioral choices of the entities. The main reason for the routine implementation to achieve full guarantee is that the executive entities are guided by policy characteristics， driven by policy pressure， and constrained by resource scenarios. The deep logic behind the suspension of resources brought about by dynamic implementation is the composite promotion of policy characteristics and policy pressure， and the combined effect of policy pressure and resource scenarios. Deviations can be adjusted through changes in the mechanisms of administrative system. The inherent mechanism of flexible implementation to promote the matching of supply and demand is the triggering of policy characteristics， the driving of policy pressure， the constraints of resource scenarios， and the adjustment of administrative systems and mechanisms. In the new stage of development， to better transform the policy advantages of equalizing basic public services into policy effectiveness， it is necessary to focus on giving full play to the advantages of routine implementation， timely adjusting the suspension deviation of dynamic implementation， and appropriately reserving the space for flexible implementation.
2024 Vol. 63 (3): 94-103 [
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The Metaphor of Acupuncture and Chinese Literary Criticism——Medical Discourse and Political Rhetoric
Yan Yuezhen
The history of acupuncture can be traced back to the Paleolithic period. Acupuncture was used to treat illnesses earlier than medical prescription， and the pain of acupuncture was far more intense than that of prescription. The instruments used for acupuncture included both metal and stone artifacts， which had an impact on Chinese literary criticism. Firstly， according to the traditional Chinese medicine， treatment is not only for the body， but also for the state. As the saying goes， “a superior doctor heals the politic body”， the pain of acupuncture in body and the directness of acute criticism correspond to each other. Secondly， the original meaning of the word “prick” is “satirize”， the prick of acupuncture for disease refers to satirizing reality. The metaphors of acupuncture， satirical advice and the tradition of admonition correspond with and analogize each other. Finally， in the comparison between acupuncture for disease and satirizing reality， the body-state isomorphism constitutes an implicit clue， which suggests the cure of the disease is the cure of the state. The body is the body of practice， of health， and of the state. Acupuncture is based on illness， and the illness discourse is associated with political discourse. In short， in the framework of body-state isomorphism， treatment as political rhetoric unifies medicine， body and polity， and political rhetoric is accomplished with the help of body and treatment metaphors. The polity is the object of treatment， rather than the naturally occurring organisms， which is not so much a politics of the body as a politics of therapy.
2024 Vol. 63 (3): 104-114 [
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115
A Study of the Origins of Stories
Huang Yonglin
The physiological basis for story is the development of the human brain， and the development and changes of the human brain are inevitable results of human labor. The behavioral basis for story is the emergence of language， driven by the practical need for information exchange. The thinking basis for story is imagination， which relies on the richness of language and the vividness of thinking. Continuous labor， abundant language， and imaginative thinking collectively propel the creation and development of stories. The emergence of stories completed the differentiation of the human race from animals and constituted the essential human attributes. The development of stories contributed to the formation of human culture and civilization. Labor， evolution in human brain， formation of language， and imaginative thinking are the internal foundations of the origins of stories. Sound， symbols， thinking， imagination， and fiction are the historical cause of the development of stories. Through labor， humans have achieved evolution from animals to humans， and stories have become an important distinction between humans and animals due to their nature of fictionality.
2024 Vol. 63 (3): 115-122 [
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Modern Chinese Function Words and the Construction of Rhythm in Mu Dan's Poetry
Ye Qiongqiong
The inclusion of a large number of function words has a fundamental impact on the rhythm of Mu Dan's poetry： function words change the rhythm mechanism of traditional poetry based on two metrical feet， construct a flexible rhythm mechanism of meta-meter， break the state of “continuous stress” in Chinese poetry， and form a rhythm of ups and downs of the stressed and unstressed， and alternation of the fast and slow. The continuous or interval repetition of auxiliaries， prepositions and other function words forms a dense， symmetrical and orderly visual rhythm. The variety of objects of prepositions reflects the characteristic of “restrained freedom” of modern Chinese poetic rhythm. The layout of the “appositional repetition” of function words brings about meaning groups or stanzas with the same structure and parallel development， forming a uniform visual rhythm. The combination of function words and content words plays an aesthetic role of “adding value” to emotion and meaning. The emotional rhythm and verbal rhythm in Mu Dan's poetry is closely related to each other， both of which show complex， multiple， multi-directional and changeable characteristics， forming a “multi-voiced” and changeable rhythm. The rhythm of Mu Dan's poetry is a three-dimensional and multi-dimensional rhythm of modern poetry. Between traditional and Western poetic rhythms， Mu Dan tried his best to explore a “sound” path suitable for modern Chinese language.
2024 Vol. 63 (3): 123-132 [
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133
Foreign Visitors' Cognition of the Xinhai Revolution in China
Li Yuming
The outbreak of Wuchang Uprising attracted the keen attention of foreign visitors in China， and they wrote books and articles about their observations and views on the Xinhai Revolution. With shock， although they failed to fully reveal the nature of the bourgeois revolution， they pointed out to a considerable extent the various factors that led to the inevitability of the revolution and the trend towards the republic. They saw the Xinhai Revolution as a turning point in history， which had a significant impact on China's political diplomacy， economy and society， ideology and culture， and had worldwide significance. At the same time， they also observed the shortcomings of the revolution itself， especially the excessive violence that appeared in “anti Manchu”， the particular form of the Xinhai Revolution， which they revealed in an explicit manner. By either direct contact， or hearing and witnessing， they understood and recognized the different figures at the turning point in history， showing the other side of the revolution. The foreign visitors' cognition of the Xinhai Revolution not only provided some new historical facts and objective comments， but also reflected the ideological standpoint and subjective biases of Western countries.
2024 Vol. 63 (3): 133-154 [
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155
Towards the Public： Books Translated and Complied by Chinese People and the Dissemination of Western Pharmaceutical Knowledge in the Late Qing Dynasty and Early Republic of China
Liu Feiwen
In the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China， books translated and complied by Chinese people on Western pharmacy emerged， which were theoretical， practical as well as marketable. Authors such as Ding Fubao and Wang Tiyu translated Japanese books into Chinese， along with journals， short-term medical training programs and books on various subjects of Western medicine， disseminated new， systematic and concise knowledge to the public. These books provided guidance for traditional Chinese medicine practitioners to learn about Western remedies， instructions for ordinary people to use medication to deal with diseases， and shortcuts for some readers to “becoming a doctor through self-study”. This case reflected how Western knowledge was commercialized and socialized in modern China， and affected people's ideas and daily lives. The old custom of learning medical knowledge by reading provided a fertile ground for the popularity of such books， but it also began to arouse criticism from some physicians. It showed a tension between the “specialized” path and the “publicized” path in the process of disseminating Western pharmaceutical knowledge in China.
2024 Vol. 63 (3): 155-168 [
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169
The Process， Logic and Prospect of Changes in the China's Policy of Poverty Alleviation through Education
Pu Rui Hao Yipu
The policy of poverty alleviation through education is a fundamental part of China's poverty alleviation policy system， and is crucial to terminate the intergenerational transmission of poverty. Based on the analytical framework of the punctuated equilibrium theory and combined with the policy paradigm theory， this paper explores the changing process of China's policy of poverty alleviation through education， and finds that： the policy of poverty alleviation through education since 1984 has shown the characteristics of long-term equilibrium and short-term mutation. The policy of poverty alleviation through education has gone through four stages： universal poverty alleviation with “line covering the surface”， special poverty alleviation with “point-line combination”， targeted poverty alleviation with “point-oriented focus”， and the post-poverty alleviation stage of “point and surface combination”. Changes in the macro institutional environment， innovations by central and local governments， and the generation of policy-based social problems are the internal driving factors for the changes in China's policy of poverty alleviation through education. In the post-poverty alleviation stage， we should enhance the integration of the policy of poverty alleviation through education and rural revitalization strategies， pay attention to the construction of a community of poverty alleviation through education and the local innovation， improve the scientific nature of policy formulation， and maintain the relative stability of policy development.
2024 Vol. 63 (3): 169-179 [
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The Realistic Dilemma and Optimization Path of the Governance of Teachers' Education from the Perspective of Multiple Governance
Shen Guochang Shen Huining
The government， universities， primary and secondary schools， and social institutions， as the main stakeholders in the governance system of teachers' education， play the roles of coordinators， executors， participants， and promoters. They jointly handle the public affairs of teachers' education based on a decision-making mechanism with thorough negotiation， a clear execution mechanism with specified rights and responsibilities， an equal and efficient communication mechanism， and an open and transparent supervision mechanism. From the perspective of multiple governance， the governance of teachers' education faces multiple challenges in terms of concepts， systems， practices， and culture. We should start with precise delineation of rights and responsibilities， active coordination of interests and demands， proper handling of cultural conflicts， and scientific coordination of various resources to promote the formation of equal and multiple subject relationships， establish and improve democratic governance mechanisms of teachers' education， and ultimately achieve the maximization of public interests of teachers' education.
2024 Vol. 63 (3): 180-188 [
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