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2025 Vol. 64, No. 1
Published: 2025-01-27
1
To “Launch High-Quality Works with Penetrating Thought”with the Historical Materialism
Zhang Yanguo
As socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered the New Era， the Communist Party of China and the national government attach great importance to the construction and development of the discipline of history， not only providing great support to the historical research， but also defining the important position and role of the history discipline and historical research in the development of the cause of the Party and the state. It has created preciously rare conditions， cultural environment and comparative advantages for the prosperity and development of history studies. Xi Jinping put forward the important requirements and goals of “launching high-quality works with penetrating thought”， which is of great significance for promoting the prosperity and development of contemporary Chinese historiography. To achieve this goal， it is necessary to be guided and inspired by the wisdom of historical materialism theory. The theory and method of historical materialism provide the source of thought and reliable path for historians to “do” and “launch high-quality works with penetrating thought”. In the contemporary era， we can at least start from three points： first， finding the historical orientation of research， basing it on the problem， and highlighting the consciousness of the times； second， studying and explaining the nature and path of socialism with Chinese characteristics by closely following Marxist theory of social and economic forms； third， adhering to the Marxist overview of history and the law of historical development theory， and focusing on China's historical development and the process of world history. In short， for historical research， historians are not only supposed to have the character and courage to “seek truth”， but also have the courage and set the goal to “practice”. In addition， they should adhere to the integrity of scientific research， innovate historical research， conduct thought-penetrating research， produce thought-penetrating works， and spare no effort to create a new situation for the prosperity and development of Chinese historiography.
2025 Vol. 64 (1): 1-8 [
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9
Marxist Theory and the Public Perception of Modern Chinese Society
Ma Junya
As leaders and mentors of the proletariat， Marx and Engels paid great attention to social development and its motivations. Their interpretation of social problems， from the surface to the inside， probed into the root， and explored the completely different causal essence from what was distorted and propagated by the rulers. Marx's explanation of the nature of small farmers is the theoretical cornerstone for understanding the grassroots masses. Small farmers regard the “good things” of the rulers as their own “good things” and the “bad things” of the rulers as their own “bad things”； they are both victims from the rulers' pursuit of their own interests and devout admirers of the ruling class. After the rise of Marxist historiography， this research method is very suitable for explaining the social form of modern China and its development motivations. It can not only re-examine the major policies and mainstream values that dominate and influence modern Chinese society， but also analyze capital， market， enterprises， businessmen， selfish desires， Bentham and even social forms， and the common spiritual products of mankind in detail， and give more objective and fair historical judgments， affirming their role in history； and it also enables the vast majority of the people， as the ruled class， to better understand their own interests， clarify the difference between their own interests and the interests of the rulers， and no longer share the same judgment and fate with the rulers.
2025 Vol. 64 (1): 9-19 [
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20
Rural Culture in China's Path to Modernization
Wu Licai
China's rural culture has been changing along with the practical exploration of its path to modernization. China's exploration of modernization began with industrialization， superimposed with urbanization， marketization and informatization successively after the Reform and Opening-up. The rural culture now has been influenced by the combined effects of industrialization， urbanization， marketization， informatization and even globalization， and become a polyphonic culture. From the perspective of Marxist cultural theory， the changes in China's rural culture since modern times are deeply rooted in the facts of modern economic development， such as industrialization and urbanization， consistent with the changes in the rural economic structure and the resulting social relations in the process of modernization. It is difficult for rural culture to revitalize itself and prosper on its own. A necessary step is to first develop rural productive forces， revitalize rural industries， promote the modernization and transformation of the rural economic base， so as to revitalize rural culture and achieve its prosperity.
2025 Vol. 64 (1): 20-30 [
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31
From Pressure to Motivation： Identification and Transformative Path of Pressure in Grassroots Government Performance Appraisal
Huang Zhenhua Huang Hongkai
Performance appraisal is an important way to promote the modernization of grassroots governance and an important criterion for measuring governance effectiveness. It plays a very important role in mobilizing the enthusiasm of grassroots cadres and improving the efficiency of grassroots governance. Existing research tends to analyze performance appraisal pressure in a negative and pessimistic fashion， without paying sufficient attention to the intrinsic relationship and transformative path between the pressure caused by appraisal and governance motivation. Therefore， based on the pressure identification of grassroots government performance appraisal， three types of pressure are proposed： functional pressure， saturated pressure， and overloaded pressure. Difference in types of pressure is the presentation of the power difference in the attributes of motivation and burden， which manifests the inner relation between pressure caused by performance appraisal and governance efficiency. Further research shows that overloaded pressure will lead to the involution of appraisal， which is caused by the segmentation of assessment subjects， the inversion of the main and secondary assessment content， the repetitive administration of assessment processes， and the pursuit of interests and avoidance of responsibility in assessment results. In order to effectively transform the performance appraisal of grassroots governments from overloaded pressure to positive motivation， and avoid the burden and governance inefficiency caused by the involution， attention should be paid to straightening out the strip-block relationship， coordinating the main and secondary points， optimizing the responsibilities and processes of grassroots government performance appraisal， and establishing a right view of political achievements in performance appraisal.
2025 Vol. 64 (1): 31-41 [
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41
How does a High-Efficiency Social Risk Prevention and Control Model for County-Level Government Departments Come about？——A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Fuzzy Sets Based on TOE Framework
Zhang Lirong Wang Zijun
The influencing factors of the generation of high-efficiency social risk prevention and control models of county-level government departments and their configuration and linkage have been important issues of widespread concern among academia and the political sectors in recent years. The study found that： the generation of high-efficiency social risk prevention and control models of county-level government departments is jointly affected by multiple conditional variables of technology， organization and environment； the linkage of multiple conditional variables generates three configuration modes， namely the “digital-practice-led and social-support-collaborative mode”， “digital-practice-led and cross-departmental-collaboration-and-social-support-collaborative mode” and “digital-practice-led and digital-construction， fiscal-supply-and-social-support-collaborative mode”. The technical conditional variable “digital practice” plays a core role in all configuration modes； the three different configuration modes enable county-level government departments to achieve high efficiency in the prevention and control of social risks.
2025 Vol. 64 (1): 41-52 [
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53
On the Relationship between Du Fu and Cui Guangyuan and the Poetic Meaning of “A Hundred Cares Gather： A Ballad”
Wang Wei
Du Fu's “A Hundred Cares Gather： A Ballad” was composed after He Yong left Sichuan and before Yan Wu was appointed as the governor of Xichuan. The hidden worries about the hardships of life in the poem are closely related to Cui Guangyuan's appointment as the governor of Xichuan. Du Fu had a grudge with Cui Guangyuan during Emperor Suzong's stay in Fengxiang. At the beginning of the second year of Shangyuan， Cui was quite cold to Du Fu. However， with the mediation and buffering efforts of He Yong and other people， Du Fu could still “force himself to be amusing when serving his patrons”. In May and June of this year， He left Sichuan for the capital， and Du Fu's life fell into distress. It was not until October， when Cui Guangyuan died and Yan Wu resumed his concurrent position of governor of Xichuan， that Du Fu's life improved. The exploration of the content and background of this poem reveals the fluctuations of Du Fu's inner emotions and changes in his real-life circumstances during his stay in Sichuan.
2025 Vol. 64 (1): 53-60 [
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61
The Generative Mechanism and Significance of the Variants of the Military Anthems and Victory Songs in the War against Japanese Pirates during Jiajing Period
Dou Yubin
During Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty， the southeastern pirate threat (known as “Wokou”) became a national crisis， causing extremely strong spiritual shock and psychological setbacks among the intellectual elites of the southeast. After Hu Zongxian and other generals achieved historical feats of clearing up the sea and pacifying the enemy， the sense of humiliation among the intellectuals was quickly transformed into a collective literary eulogistic consciousness. A number of victory songs and military anthems were created. The poems often used Fangshu and Zhaohu as metaphors to highlight the southeastern generals' ambition to revitalize the nation after chaos，and also respond to the historical demands of military endeavors and the complex shifts in counter-pirate strategies. In terms of style， these works were mostly characterized by rough and vigorous rhythms and a martial spirit. The authors retained the military atmosphere by incorporating the events of the battlefield，and emphasized the deterrence of punishing the tyrants during the national revival with imaginary giants and swift and dynamic scenes. The distinct variant form marked a significant departure from the traditional elegant ritual and music compositions. The intellectuals' conscious modification of literary style pointed to the realistic problems that civil officials were at ease， while military officers were wandering around having fun， and the national power was declining during Jiajing period. This literary phenomenon was closely related to the militarization of the temperament of Confucian scholars under the threat of Japanese pirates.
2025 Vol. 64 (1): 61-71 [
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72
The Different Origins of Modern Lyrics and New Poetry——Reflection on the Theory of the School Songs as the Origin of New Poetry
Tong Longchao
School songs are the origin of modern Chinese lyrics， but should not be regarded as the origin of Chinese new poetry. Although vernacular lyrics， vernacular poetry， and vernacular new poetry all employ vernacular， the contexts and connotations of “vernacular” are different. The use of vernacular in the lyrics of school songs may not necessarily be the result of the introduction to western melodies. The division of poetry and music brings about differences in the categories and functions of modern lyrics and new poetry， which should not be confused with each other. The educational nature of school songs largely leads to the non-poetic nature of its lyrics. The inheritance and differentiation of singing and reading in the late Qing Poetry Revolution opened up two distinct paths for modern lyrics and new poetry. The reading of lyrics cannot be compared with the reading of poetry. The separation of modern Chinese poetry and songs began with the differentiation between school songs and the New Poetry.
2025 Vol. 64 (1): 72-81 [
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82
On the Synoptic Description in Shen Congwen's Novels
Wang Zhentao
Shen Congwen's distinctive method of writing novels is the incorporation of synoptic description in addition to the main plot of the story， which has not been taken seriously by researchers. From unconscious attempts in his early years to intentional training， and then from proficiency to smooth application， the use of synoptic description in Shen Congwen's novels has gone through a long period of exploration. The function of synoptic description in Shen Congwen's novels is not only the introduction， curtain and background of the story， but also an indispensable factor in developing the plot of the novel. The contrast and reference between the overview and the specific not only makes the plot ups and downs， but also makes the story full of dramatic effects of twists and turns. The synoptic description sets up the stage for the characters' appearances and provides a cultural field for the characters' stories. With the combined effects of the universal and the particular， the positive and the negative， the characters become vivid and complete， and the themes of his stories are further deepened. With the synoptic description to create the emotional atmosphere of the novel， either the style of “outline and lead” or the style of “rising” ultimately contributes to the strong lyrical and prose characteristics of Shen Congwen's novels ，thus realizing the crossover and fusion of different genres.
2025 Vol. 64 (1): 82-89 [
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90
Changes in the Perception of Industrial Diseases in the 19th-Century Britain
Xu Jiaxing
Britain was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution. The advancement of industrialization， the use of new materials， changes in manufacturing organization forms and the expansion of production scale led to an increase in the types of industrial diseases and the number of patients with industrial diseases in factories， workshops and mines. In the early 19th century， suffering from industrial disease was often regarded as the misfortunes of individual workers. Most employers believed that they should not take responsibility for the prevention and treatment of industrial diseases. The British government pursued a laissez-faire policy， holding the view that the matter should be resolved by employers and workers through negotiation. In the second half of the 19th century， with the development of occupational medicine， the exposure of industrial diseases by the news media， the investigation of incidence of the industrial diseases by public health officials， and the changes in the political and economic situation at home and abroad， the perception of industrial diseases changed. Industrial diseases were identified as a serious social problem. The concept that the state was responsible for the prevention and treatment of industrial diseases was recognized. Workers began to take the initiative to safeguard their own occupational health rights and interests. The change in the perception of industrial diseases in the 19th-century Britain promoted government action， which constructed a system for industrial diseases prevention and control， and achieved remarkable results in coping with industrial diseases.
2025 Vol. 64 (1): 90-99 [
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100
From Agricultural History to Rural History： The Cultural Turn in the Study of Twentieth-Century American Agricultural History
Guo Huan
Prior to the 1970s， the study of agricultural history in the United States was predominantly influenced by economic and political histories， with agricultural production as its focus， resulting in significant advancements in agricultural economics， politics， and agroecology. Since the 1970s， influenced by the emergence of new social and cultural history approaches， American rural historians transcended the traditional research paradigm of the “rural areas as agriculture”， and explored a wide range of topics such as rural families， communities， churches， ethnicity， women， and rural modernization. Previously overlooked sources such as family account books， land and tax records， wills， church registration， and folk culture gained recognition for their historical significance. This marked the onset of a “cultural turn” in agricultural history， paving the way for the development of the framework of “New Rural History”. Since the late 20th century， rural history has continued to innovate on the basis of focusing on social and cultural studies， and begun to include certain transnational perspectives.
2025 Vol. 64 (1): 100-112 [
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113
Lou Tseng-tsiang's Views on Chinese and Western Cultures
Chen Zhixiong
Lou Tseng-tsiang's views on Chinese and Western cultures formed a vital component of his spiritual world. Home environment， new-style education， Xu Jingcheng's mentoring， cross-cultural marriage， and long-term residence in Europe were all important factors that influenced the formation of his views on Western culture. During his monastic life in Belgium， Lou addressed himself fully to finding the best convergence between Chinese culture and Greek-Latin civilization. He attempted to introduce new spiritual qualities to traditional Chinese culture and promote it while preserving its fundamental principles. He underlined that foreign cultures must adapt to the Chinese environment and used filial piety as a beginning point to explain Confucian ethics， striving to establish mutual understanding and integration of the two worlds and two civilizations and to fight for an equal position for Chinese culture. Simultaneously， he advocated for “the encounter of humanities” to build a spiritual bridge between East and West， reviving the idea of “All Under Heaven Are One Family” to foster world peace.
2025 Vol. 64 (1): 113-125 [
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126
The Guiding Ideology for Building an Education Power in the New Era——A Study on Xi Jinping's Important Address at the National Education Conference
Zhou Hongyu
The Second National Education Conference of the new era was held on the occasion of the 40th Teachers' Day， emphasizing the fundamental task of closely focusing on the establishment of moral education and making solid progress towards the strategic goal of building a leading country in education. General Secretary Xi Jinping delivered an important address. On the strategic height of the overall development of the Party and the national cause， this address comprehensively summarized the historic achievements of and structural changes in education of the new era， systematically explained the scientific connotation and basic path to a leading country in education， profoundly elaborated the major relationships that should be rightly handled in the construction of a leading country in education， and systematically deployed the strategic tasks and major initiatives to comprehensively promote the construction of a leading country in education. General Secretary Xi Jinping's important address is a manifesto to guide the educational cause in the new era and the new journey. It profoundly answers the questions of “why”， “what kind”， and “how” to build a leading country in education， and other major theoretical and practical issues， pointing out the direction and providing a fundamental guideline for building a leading country in education.
2025 Vol. 64 (1): 126-137 [
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138
Win-Lose or Reciprocal： The Impact of Group Schooling on Students' Academic Performance
Lei Wanpeng Deng Zhongyu
At present， there is still controversy over whether group schooling can promote the sharing of high-quality resources and improve the academic performance of students in weak schools. Therefore， it is necessary to evaluate the overall effectiveness of group schooling. This paper utilizes data collected from four provinces in 2023 to investigate the impact of group schooling on students' academic performance. The study found that： first， group schooling has a significant positive effect on academic performance of students in recipient schools， resulting from the improvement of the quality of teachers； second， the effect of group schooling on the academic performance of different groups of students from different recipient schools is heterogeneous， and group schooling has a greater effect on the academic performances of junior high school students and the students from disadvantaged families； third， group schooling not only enhances academic performance of students from recipient schools but also has a positive impact on academic performance of students from the supporting schools， which means that the effect of group schooling is reciprocal rather than a win-lose situation. This study suggests that we adhere to the policy orientation of group schooling， continuously improve the relevant supporting mechanisms， establish a community for teachers' learning and development， and stimulate the common development of all schools within the group.
2025 Vol. 64 (1): 138-146 [
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147
The Evolutionary Logic of Artificial Intelligence andIts Educational Potential——Also on the Concept and Characteristics of an “Artificial Intelligence Agent”
Zhang Maocong Li Yan
The evolutionary logic of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is based upon its “human-like” traits， and presents a developmental framework with the mission of “intelligent human” as the value orientation by promoting the moral and autonomous maturation. However， the actualization of AI's “educational potential” is often constrained by both ethics and effectiveness， primarily due to the prolonged disassociation between human self-cognition and technology application. Addressing these challenges requires a reflection of the educational prospect. By centralizing the “AI-Intelligence agent” as a pivotal educational target， future education should delineate the categories and characteristics of human-technology interaction in the era of intelligence， as well as establish clear roles to guide the development of learners' self-cognition. On this basis， through the strategies of improving institutional power， establishing collaborative mechanisms， adjusting the structure of educational system， and training the technical literacy of the teaching staff， future education should promote the transformation of AI's function from “cultivating humanity” to “perfecting humanity”.
2025 Vol. 64 (1): 147-159 [
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160
Mechanism of Power Practice and Its Structural Impact in International Human Rights Reporting——A Study Based on Human Rights Reports from GDELT Event Database (1979—2022)
Chen Ouyang
The game between major powers in the human rights issues has shifted from the competition for “strength power” to the competition for “relational power” and even “structural power”， from the competition in the individual human rights level to that of international human rights contributions. Based on the analysis of nearly 40 million reports on human rights actions between countries in the world's major media in the past 44 years in the GDELT Event Database， this study examines the power reproduction mechanism of the international media in human rights issues and its structural impact on the international human rights game， in order to make up for the limitation of the power view of existing studies that “focuses on attributes and ignores relationships”. The study found that： the international reports on human rights construct the global human rights action scene as a “minority game” in a “center-margin” structure； although some developing countries can enter the central position of the network of human rights actors through conflict events， their power will be dissolved by the relational power and squeezed by structural power because of international media； China's structural power in the human rights network has shown a steady upward trend， but China's action and contribution are still restrained by media. Through power reproduction mechanism， human rights reporting has strengthened the privileged status of the bourgeoisie in the international human rights system， eliminated the strenuous efforts and positive contributions of the third-world countries and thus solidified the hierarchical order in human rights cause.
2025 Vol. 64 (1): 160-175 [
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176
Thematic Publicity and the Enhancement of Academic Journal Influence——Empirical Evidence from Journals Funded by the National Social Science Fund of China
Wei Jian, Wang Lingqiang
As an important platform for the dissemination of ideas and culture， academic journals have made outstanding contributions in studying and interpreting the latest theoretical achievements of the Communist Party of China， and transforming political discourse into academic discourse. They have achieved an organic combination of academic research and thematic publicity， and effectively improved social benefits. Taking journals funded by the National Social Science Fund of China from 2008 to 2021 as the research sample，and the average citation frequency per article and the reprint rate of China Social Science Excellence as the dependent variables， this study empirically tested the effect of thematic publicity on the academic influence of journals. The study found that thematic publicity overall enhances the academic influence of journals， resulting in higher citations and reprint rates. Sub-sample tests found that compared with authoritative and top journals， thematic publicity can bring higher citation rates and reprint rates to other journals. The effect of thematic publicity on different types of journals varies. It can bring higher citation rates to comprehensive and social science journals， and higher reprint rates to comprehensive and humanities journals. Further analysis shows that the stronger the thematic publicity atmosphere， the more likely the thematic publicity is to increase the citation rates of the journal. The stronger the thematic publicity atmosphere in the past， the lower is the effect of thematic publicity on improving the reprint rates of the journal. This study empirically tested the effectiveness of thematic publicity from the perspective of academic influence， providing empirical evidence for the improvement of social benefits by thematic publicity.
2025 Vol. 64 (1): 176-188 [
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