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2025 Vol. 64, No. 3
Published: 2025-05-27
33
Fiscal Capacity， Modern State-Building， and the Evolution of Financial Support System for Rural Grassroots Governance
Zhang Qichun Wang Jian
The financial support system for rural grassroots governance constitutes not only one of the “fundamental issues” of China's modern state-building but also a “critical factor” that affects the implementation capacity of national strategic intentions and the efficacy of grassroots social self-governance. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China， the financial support system for rural grassroots governance has exhibited differentiated characteristics of phased changes， which are reflected in the paradox of “financial capacity” and “administrative governance” at the grassroots level. With the stepwise enhancement of national fiscal capabilities and the progressive iteration of state-building objectives， the financial support system for rural grassroots governance has undergone a transformation process from “self-sufficiency” to “state-financed guarantee”. This transformation not only follows a driving pathway of “capability enhancement， objective iteration， and institutional transformation”， revealing the intrinsic interactive mechanisms among fiscal capacity， state-building goals， and the financial support system for rural grassroots governance， but also highlights the distinctive feature of China's modern state-building， which is “based on national conditions and exploring a unique paths”.
2025 Vol. 64 (3): 33-43 [
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44
Research on Farmers' Implementation Behavior in Exiting Rural Residential Land Use Rights in Traditional Agricultural Areas in Central China—Based on Field Investigations in Jinzhai， Yujiang， and Yicheng
Wu Yuling
Delimitation of land use rights is different from the implementation of land use rights. Research on the formation mechanism and optimization path of farmers' implementation behavior in exiting rural residential land use rights has important theoretical value and practical significance for promoting the effective implementation of the “three-rights separation” system of rural residential land and implementing farmers' land use rights. Based on field surveys in such traditional agricultural areas in central China as Jinzhai County， Anhui Province， Yujiang District， Yingtan City， Jiangxi Province， and Yicheng City， Hubei Province， the paper uses the rough set theory， and the analytical methods of K-means clustering and quantile regression to study farmers' implementation behavior in exiting rural residential land use rights. The study found that in the traditional agricultural areas in central China， farmers' implementation behavior in exiting rural residential land use rights can be divided into active implementation， symbolic implementation， and passive implementation. Only 20.19% of farmers actively implement the behavior， and most farmers are “being arranged” or “pushed”. At the same time， farmers' implementation behavior shows heterogeneity in different regions， by different means of exiting the land use rights， in different employment types， and at different income levels. The individual and family characteristics of farmers， the resource endowment of rural residential land， and the implementation of local exiting policies are important factors affecting farmers' implementation behavior. Therefore， in practice， it is necessary not only to clearly define farmers' rights and powers over rural residential land use in a legal form， but also to introduce relevant supporting incentive policies. Relevant policies should be different between farmers with different intensities of land use rights implementation behavior， focus on pure and low-income agricultural households， and also reflect regional differences among villages. Establishing and improving the transaction market for rural residential land use rights and giving farmers foreseeable and achievable wealth space for their land use rights are the fundamental ways to encourage farmers to actively implement and exercise their land use rights.
2025 Vol. 64 (3): 44-54 [
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55
Bringing Narrative back to Policy Implementation： A Case Study of the Policies from Clarity to Ambiguity in Rural Collective Property Rights Reform
Gan Tian Zhang Lixia
The essence of policy implementation lies in the effective transformation of policy objectives into local practices. Although policies with clarity are intended to achieve efficient execution through well-defined goals， detailed procedures， and standardized guidelines， their implementation often exhibits a degree of ambiguity in complex local governance environments. This study examines the implementation of the “qualification confirmation” policy in the rural collective property rights reform in T Sub-district， exploring the role of narrative strategies in the execution of clear policies. We construct a narrative model of policy implementation based on the dimensions of “subject-strategy-function-outcome”. The findings reveal that policy implementers employ four narrative strategies—narrative framing， narrative translation， narrative negotiation， and narrative simplification—to fulfill distinct functions： meaning empowerment， cognitive reconstruction， emotional adaptation， and normative alignment. Although these strategies contribute to the ambiguity of policy objectives， they simultaneously facilitate the successful implementation of the policy. This study demonstrates that narrative strategies not only serve as communication tools in policy implementation but also function as critical governance resources， endowing policies with flexibility and adaptability. By introducing a narrative perspective into policy implementation theory， this research deepens our understanding of implementers' roles in meaning construction and their narrative logic， offering practical guidance for the design and execution of complex policies.
2025 Vol. 64 (3): 55-69 [
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70
The Lineages and Aesthetic Contributions of Poetry of the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression
Zhang Zhongliang
Born out of and developing along with the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression， the poetry of the War of Resistance resonated profoundly with the pulse of history. Due to the diversification of literary centers， there were three main lineages of this poetry： the July School Poetry， Jin-Cha-Ji Poetry， and Modernist Poetry. The poetry of the War of Resistance not only voiced the collective spirit of the nation and depicted the grand panorama of the war， but also made epoch-defining aesthetic contributions in at least four aspects： lyrical poetry has evolved from the forceful “percussion music” to the majestic “symphony”； narrative poetry has flourished comprehensively， filling the gap in Chinese narrative poetry； audible poetry—recitation poetry and songs—has thrived with vitality； and a conscious absorption of historical and folk traditions has strengthened the national and populist character of modern poetry.
2025 Vol. 64 (3): 70-82 [
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83
The Operational Mechanisms of Institutionalization and the Popularization of Yan'an Literature and Art
Song Jianhua
Yan'an literature and art was an artistic phenomena under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party， which combined the Soviet Zone experience， folk forms and elite art. In ideological content， it took mobilization for the War of Resistance and revolutionary propaganda as its mission； in institutional structure， it took the rear-area and battlefield literature and art as its carrier； in audience， it took the masses of workers， peasants， and soldiers as targeted groups； in aesthetic pursuit， it took“Chinese style and ethos” as its direction； and in social function， it took the responsibility of propelling historical progress. During the full-scale War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression， guided by Mao Zedong's literary and artistic thought， Yan'an literature and art sought to construct a revolutionary cultural system integrating “popularization”， “nationalization”， and “revolutionization” to reflect the emotions of the masses and the life in counter-Japanese base areas. The national opera “The White-Haired Girl”， through its synthesis of these functions， stands as a quintessential masterpiece of Yan'an literature and art.
2025 Vol. 64 (3): 83-92 [
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93
A Third Eye on “The 300th Anniversary of the Year of Jiashen”
Li Yi
Guo Moruo's historical writing “The 300th Anniversary of the Year of Jiashen” has become a long-lasting political rectification document for the Party. Its significant influence at the national political level is self-evident. However， Guo Moruo himself always had another explanation for his original intention of writing， which was to produce a literary work. He expressed his concern for the vicissitudes of history and human tragedies through historical lyricism， which belonged to a writer's ideological construction about social life. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression， intellectuals including Guo Moruo， on the one hand， enthusiastically devoted themselves to the cause of the nation's war of resistance， and on the other hand， through the reconstruction of their relationship with national politics， they savored the special opportunities for the relationship between intellectuals and the state. They were committed to thinking about the grand topic of the nation， while observing themselves in the framework of national politics， weighing the position of intellectuals in the power structure， which meant rethinking the role of intellectuals in national political culture. By jumping out of the framework of traditional ideological discourse and reading the original work with a third eye， we can obtain a paradigm of intellectuals' self-expression in the dialogue between literature and history， and thus better understand Guo Moruo's series of unique literary works and historical discourses， grasp the special beating of his spiritual pulse and his irreplaceable value in understanding history.
2025 Vol. 64 (3): 93-99 [
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100
Chinese Students' Study and Research in Japan under the “Oriental Cultural Project” of Japan (1923—1930)
Meng Aiyun
The Japanese government， in an effort to alleviate the anti-Japanese sentiment among the Chinese population and in keeping with the international trend of returning the Boxer Indemnity， passed the “Special Accounting Law for Cultural Project of China” in March 1923， deciding to allocate a portion of the indemnity funds to support educational and cultural endeavors for Japanese in China and Chinese in Japan， which subsequently led to the formation of policies to fund Chinese students to study and inspect in Japan with the returned indemnity. Driven by the Japanese government's continuous publicity and negotiations， the relatively formulaic itinerary design and the convenience provided by various institutions for inspections， the educational circles in Beijing， Guangdong， and Hubei， among other places， successively selected students to go to Japan for inspection tours. Since all measures were aimed at seeking more “rights and interests” for Japan， the purpose of easing Sino-Japanese contradictions and achieving “Sino-Japanese friendship” through “cultural aggression” was also recognized by the insightful members of the study tour groups. Therefore， while maintaining a critical attitude， the inspection groups cooperated with Japanese counterparts to conduct inspection activities with the help of the inspection conditions provided by Japan， thereby achieving tangible outcomes in advancing Sino-Japanese cultural and educational exchanges.
2025 Vol. 64 (3): 100-108 [
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109
National Transformation， Diplomatic Revolution and the Adjustment of Federal Republic Germany's Eastern Policy—Interpretation from the Perspective of “Trading State” Theory
Gui Li
In the 1960s， Federal Republic of Germany's Eastern foreign policy gradually changed from being closed and tough to openness and cooperativeness， and expanded from economic and trade exchanges to diplomatic exchanges. The adjustment of Federal Republic of Germany's Eastern foreign policy was not only the result of political and ideological struggles during the Cold War， but also the product of the transition of Federal Republic of Germany from a “power state” (Machtstaat) to a “trading state” (Handelsstaat) after World War II. With peace， cooperation and multilateralism as important characteristics， the New Eastern Policy became a new orientation of foreign policy. Existing studies have mostly examined the New Eastern Policy from a political and ideological perspective， but perhaps the nature of a trading state was the fundamental force behind its foreign policy shift. The implementation of the Federal Republic of Germany's new Eastern foreign policy has made positive contributions to maintaining peace in Europe and the world， promoted East-West trade and Germany's economic development， achieved Germany's peaceful reunification， and consolidated the Federal Republic of Germany's central position in the world of trade.
2025 Vol. 64 (3): 109-118 [
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119
Practical Dilemmas and Countermeasures in Community Correction Work by Judicial Offices from the Perspective of Grassroots Rule of Law Construction
Yang Caixia
As vanguards of promoting grassroots rule of law construction， judicial offices play important roles in community correction. However， empirical research has found that judicial offices are currently facing multiple dilemmas in fulfilling their community correction responsibilities， such as a severe shortage of correctional personnel， excessive supervision but insufficient rehabilitation， lack of individualized and advanced approaches， disjointed collaboration and insufficient incentives， and inadequate foundational support. These dilemmas stem from misconceptions about the nature and function of community corrections， cognitive biases toward correctional subjects， and the overloaded legal mandates of judicial offices. To address these issues， on the basis of weakening the punitive nature of community corrections， establishing a philosophy prioritizing rehabilitation over supervision， eliminating stigmatic labels on correctional subjects and optimizing the functional positioning of judicial offices， we should strengthen the construction of the correction team and build an effective platform for social forces to participate； adopt a human-centered flexible correction model that focuses on education and support； innovate individualized correction methods to resolve workflow bottlenecks； improve the work mechanisms for community corrections and promote collaborative governance among all stakeholders； increase investment in community correction， ensure the implementation of correction work at the grassroots level， and thus build a solid foundation for grassroots rule of law construction.
2025 Vol. 64 (3): 119-132 [
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133
Legal Expression of Ecological Connectivity Conservation：Theory and Approach
Lyu Qi
Ecological connectivity is the key to achieving the “3030 Target” for global biodiversity conservation. China's latest biodiversity conservation strategy also calls for the enhancement and promotion of ecological connectivity. The legal concept of ecological connectivity has been established under the framework of multilateral treaties， but the relevant legal principles and institutional mechanisms are still in formation. Ecological connectivity conservation should take into account of both the precautionary principle and the use of the best available science to maintain a balance between the efficiency of taking measures and scientific uncertainty； follow the ecosystem approach or ecosystem-based management to grasp the dynamic changes and complexity of ecosystems； and adopt the principle of good governance to build a new dimension of social relations for biodiversity conservation at both the national and international levels. The legal mechanisms for ecological connectivity conservation are concerned with establishing ecological protection networks， cross-border cooperation， and ecological security risk prevention， which are reflected to some extent in domestic laws. The legislation of foreign countries on ecological connectivity is becoming active. The existing legislative examples reveal that there is no unified paradigm in this field， but legislation at the national level is indispensable. In China， the legal needs for restoring and enhancing ecological connectivity have been noted in laws on the ecological environmental protection of river basins and regions， as well as in some specific laws on biodiversity conservation， but there is a lack of formal legal expression. Based on the existing regulatory framework and legislative planning， incorporating ecological connectivity into China's legal system should firstly conform to the macro-framework of biodiversity conservation legislation. Secondly， we can take advantage of the legislative opportunity of the National Parks Law to introduce the legal concept of ecological connectivity and some essential rules. Finally， the institutional gap can be bridged by special legislation on ecological corridors.
2025 Vol. 64 (3): 133-143 [
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144
The Formation and Instructional Promotion of Values in the Core Competencies
Guo Yuanxiang Li Bingxue
To deepen the reform of educational approaches and forge a new paradigm in fostering virtue and nurturing talents， it is imperative to guide students to establish proper values. As the cornerstone of core competencies， values are the value judgments and choices when it comes to understanding the objective world and dealing with the relationship between individuals and the objective world. They are the rational foundation and value criteria for practice. Values in disciplinary concepts include the understanding of value in the relationship between humans and the objective world， the value judgments on objective phenomena and subjective needs， the choices of value related to disciplinary practices and activity objectives， and concerns with value towards the meaning of life and self-realization. In the process of disciplinary learning， the generation of students' values is a psychological process in which intentional value order emerges from chaotic value relationships. It is based on the meaningful interpretation of knowledge， and takes the value practice as the carrier and realistic attribution， ultimately leading to the establishment of value beliefs. To effectively promote the generation and development of students' values through disciplinary learning， it is necessary to establish the teaching consciousness of cultivating values， enhance the cultural and vital nature of the classroom learning， organically integrate the core socialist values， and provide ethical care in the digital era.
2025 Vol. 64 (3): 144-153 [
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154
AI4LS： A New Research Paradigm of Learning Sciences in the Age of Intelligence
Sun Jianwen
The evolution of research paradigms promotes scientific revolution. The rapid development of artificial intelligence presents an opportunity for an intelligent transformation of learning sciences and promotes the birth of a new paradigm of AI for learning sciences. As the core technology of AI for learning sciences， artificial intelligence has shown great potential in making full use of big data in the learning process， obtaining new understandings of laws for human learning， and opening up a new world of combining theory with practice. The essence of AI for learning sciences is to build a human-machine collaborative research community for learning sciences on the basis of big educational models， combining big data perception and fusion， innovation of deep learning algorithms， multi-agent simulation technology and evidence-based teaching aid system. With the iterative upgrade of artificial intelligence and related technologies， the AI for learning sciences will gradually evolve through the three realms from research tool to research assistant and research companion. However， in the process of promoting the rapid development of AI for learning sciences， it is necessary to reasonably respond to multi-dimensional challenges such as data， laws， and applications， so as to help the healthy development of AI for learning sciences.
2025 Vol. 64 (3): 154-162 [
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163
“Preferring General High Schools over Vocational Schools”： Who are Not Willing to Go to Vocational Schools—A Survey of 21,531 Ninth-Grade Students in Junior High Schools in the “Three Prefectures” Region
Shen Youlu
At present， the phenomenon of the ninth-grade students in junior high schools preferring general high schools over vocational schools is quite common. Through a survey of 21,531 ninth-grade students in junior high schools in the “Three Prefectures” region about their will for future education， we find that there are 54.82 percent of students who “resolutely choose general senior high schools”， while 29.93 percent are forced to take secondary vocational schools as an alternative， because they cannot be admitted to senior high schools. Only 3.33 percent take “technical secondary schools/ vocational high schools/ technical schools as their first choice”. The phenomenon of “preferring general high schools over vocational schools” is significantly different among students of different genders， family locations， fathers' occupations， mothers' education levels， family annual income levels， and class rankings according to their regular test scores. The most important reasons for students not willing to go to secondary vocational schools are the fear for uncertain employment， the consideration of education expenses， the poor practical training conditions and poor education quality of secondary vocational schools， the loose school management， and low wages and other benefits for secondary vocational graduates. Adopting targeted incentive policies can change students' reluctance to go to secondary vocational schools into willingness. After attending secondary vocational schools， students can obtain broader channels for higher education and opportunities to go to college through the “Vocational Education College Entrance Examination”. Schools， governments at all levels， and the media should actively and positively publicize this information and timely eliminate information asymmetry. In addition， governors at all levels and principals and teachers of primary and secondary schools should establish the concept of “equality between general and vocational education” and timely carry out vocational enlightenment education， and publicize vocational education in an active and positive manner， so as to create a good development atmosphere for and enhance the attractiveness of vocational education.
2025 Vol. 64 (3): 163-174 [
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175
Research on the Impact of Supervisors' Emotional and Professional Support on Undergraduate Students' Research and Innovation Capabilities
Li Yawen Liang Jingwen
Cultivating students' research and innovation capabilities is a key objective of higher education. Based on student engagement theory， this study adopts the ANPE framework (Aim， Nurture， Progress， Evaluation) to examine the mechanisms through which supervisors' emotional and professional support influence undergraduate students' research and innovation capabilities in the process of academic training. A survey of 559 undergraduate students engaged in research training programs across 55 universities in Beijing revealed that both supervisors' emotional and professional support significantly enhance undergraduate students' research and innovation capabilities， with students' cognitive and behavioral engagement serving as mediators. Supervisors' emotional support primarily boosted students' cognitive engagement， while professional support predominantly drove students' behavioral engagement， both of which contributed to improving students' research and innovation capabilities. Moreover， the universities' research-supportive climate was found to amplify the positive effects of supervisors' support on student engagement. This study suggests that universities build a multi-dimensional support system driven by the “supervisor-university” dual wheels， and comprehensively improve students' cognitive and behavioral engagement through supervisors' emotional and professional guidance， thereby enhancing undergraduate students' research and innovative capabilities.
2025 Vol. 64 (3): 175-188 [
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