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Quick Search     Adv Search 2025 Vol. 64, No. 4 Published: 2025-07-27 25 The Legal Limitations and Implementation Approaches for the Non-Economic Functions of the Rural Collective Economic Organizations Yang Qinggui The economic functions is the primary functions of rural collective economic organizations. Non-economic functions should be strictly restricted to better fulfill the organizations' core roles and functional orientations. The theoretical approach to strictly limiting the non-economic functions of the rural collective economic organizations is to strictly narrow the scope of functions by rigorously defining the targeted public interests as legal interests， ground functional design in laws and administrative regulations， and lock the non-economic function scope through legal interest objectives. The analysis results show that， combined with the practice inertia of village-level rural collective economic organizations or villagers' committees acting on behalf of village and group-level collective affairs， it is appropriate to adopt the agency theory to make village-level rural collective economic organizations the main body of non-economic functions of village-level and group-level rural collective economic organizations， and prohibit the separation of non-economic functions to villagers' self-government organizations. In accordance with the implementation approach of differentiation， the general non-economic functions should be performed through collaboration between the village-level rural collective economic organizations and the villagers' committees， and incorporated into the governance framework under the leadership of the Party organization. The village-level rural collective economic organizations should， in accordance with the positioning of collective regulatory authority and the principle of restraint， adopt the regulatory measures that are mainly based on incentive regulation or indirect regulation， supplemented by compulsory regulation or direct regulation， and perform special non-economic functions according to law. 2025 Vol. 64 (4): 25-36 [Abstract] ( 176 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1476 KB)  ( 177 ) 37 Two Decades of Practical Experience with Rural Library Projects and Reforms-Innovation in the Comprehensive Rural Revitalization Yin Zhangchi The two-decade development of Rural Library Projects reflects China's development of rural governance and rural revitalization. Its core lies in reshaping villagers' cultural subjectivity， enriching rural reading activities， and constructing an ecosystem for rural culture communication. The development of Rural Library Projects over the past two decades， has accumulated rich experience， yet also certain issues， while clearly revealing the evolution of relevant institutions. There is an inherent symbiotic logic between Rural Library Projects and comprehensive rural revitalization. The governance of Rural Library Projects should take the return of farmers' cultural subjectivity and their cultural value identity as the logical starting point， reflects on the historical logic of technology-based governance， follows the practical logic of participatory cultural governance， and promotes the transformation of the development impetus of Rural Library Projects. The village libraries should not only fully utilize technological innovation and technological empowerment， but also return to the logic of cultural governance involving multiple stakeholders， forming an endogenous mechanism that emphasizes the development of distinctive rural cultural construction， the coordination of digital resource supply， the active participation of social members， and the prioritization of service efficiency.Currently， Rural Library Projects have undergone iterative upgrades from traditional to digital and then to digital-intelligent， entering the era of integrated Rural Library Projects. The essence of integrated Rural Library Projects is a digital reading platform， and the key lies in constructing and optimizing the digital reading space. For integrated Rural Library Projects in China's eastern， central， and western regions， it is essential to tailor development to local conditions， underscore regional characteristics and advantages， and enhance service precision in spatial layout， resource supply， and technological empowerment—ultimately transforming them into public cultural spaces that are accessible， usable， and indispensable to villagers. 2025 Vol. 64 (4): 37-47 [Abstract] ( 280 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1457 KB)  ( 545 ) 48 “Grassroots” Units in Singapore's National Governance Wang Puqu　　Xu Yijie There are two interpretations of the grassroots units in the governance of Singapore. One interprets those as the residential communities， the other the constituencies. This paper examines and differentiates these two interpretations， arguing that the core issue underlying the divergent definitions of “grassroots” units in Singapore's governance lies in the failure to strictly distinguish between communities and constituencies in Singapore from the differing perspectives of politics and governance. The key to identifying the differences and subsequently defining the grassroots units of Singapore's national governance lies in three distinctions： those between state politics and party politics， between national governance and electoral politics， and between residential autonomous governance and representative politics. Based on that and an analysis and categorization of Singapore's political system and mechanisms， it is clear that communities and constituencies are quite different in nature， operational methods， governance objectives， and legal logic. Communities are the basic form of Singapore's social governance while also connecting with state power-based governance， functioning as the grassroots units of national governance. Constituencies， as political units for the operation of party politics， electoral politics and representative politics， are essentially not the basis of national governance. The authors conclude that the grassroots units of Singapore's national governance should be its communities. Constituencies can be understood as the grassroots units of party politics， electoral politics， and representative politics， but not the grassroots units of national governance. 2025 Vol. 64 (4): 48-56 [Abstract] ( 246 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1460 KB)  ( 231 ) 57 Party Integration： A New Type of Social Integration and Comparison Wang Qing The core issue of grassroots political power construction is how to achieve integration on the basis of social differentiation. Regarding the question of how the state integrates a differentiated society， each of the three types of social integration， namely， political-social synergy， administrative integration and technological integration， has its own advantages yet faces dilemmas. Unlike the three types of integration， political party integration， encompassing both the integration of the political system itself by political parties (internal integration) and the integration of society by political parties (external integration)， offers a unique approach. The ruling party uses both authoritative and pervasive power， embedded organizational structure and flexible operation mechanisms to solve the problems faced by the aforementioned three types of social integration and achieve effective societal cohesion. As a new form of social integration， political party integration is not only a historical inheritance of the mass-type political party's working method， but also a practical development of the ruling party's transformation and adjustment under the market-oriented conditions. 2025 Vol. 64 (4): 57-65 [Abstract] ( 198 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1439 KB)  ( 776 ) 66 The Application of Computational Tools in Literary Computational Criticism and the Paradigm Shift in Literary Studies Nie Zhenzhao The use of AI computational tools in the field of literary research has brought about novel changes to literary creation and criticism： literary analysis has shifted from textual close reading to graphical analysis， providing new perspectives and evidence for literary research and promoting the integration of literature with other disciplines； literary criticism has undergone a paradigm shift from subjective judgment to objective computation， driving a transition in literary understanding from interpretive cycle to evidence-driven innovation， thus constructing a brand new framework of literary computational analysis criticism； in the process of AI-generated literature， the traditional author who creates literature is replaced by AI as the generator of literature， challenging the author's subjective position， and transforming the traditional literary works into the multi-modal； the methodology of literary research realizes a triple breakthrough in research scope， analytical dimension， and knowledge production mode. The emergence of AI literature and the in-depth intervention of AI tools in literary research will promote the reconstruction of literary theory based on computational analysis， help to free human beings from the bondage of the established theoretical system， stand on the cognitive frontier of technological expansion， reflect on and reconstruct the theoretical cornerstone of literary criticism， and ultimately establish a new theoretical system that integrates intelligent computation with humanistic spirit. 2025 Vol. 64 (4): 66-73 [Abstract] ( 216 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1430 KB)  ( 2530 ) 74 The Pattern and Distribution of Research Trends in Song Dynasty Historical Research in the Twentieth Century Wang Zhaopeng According to Fang Jianxin's Bibliography of Research Works on Song Dynasty in the Twentieth Century， the total number of domestic research works on Song Dynasty history during the twentieth century reached 41,319 items. The distribution of research outputs in various fields of Song dynasty was not well balanced. Literary studies yielded the highest volume of research outputs， with academic thoughts， economics， cultural arts， archaeology and artifacts， politics， and historiography being relatively active research fields. Conversely， fields such as ethnic relations， society， religion， military， language， and legal studies appeared less prominent. Literary research on the Song Dynasty focused on writers and their works， particularly on Su Shi， Xin Qiji， and Li Qingzhao. The hot topic in Song Dynasty academic thought research was Neo-Confucianism， with Zhu Xi being a focal point of study. Economic research prioritized studies on currency， agriculture， commerce， and urban economics. Cultural arts research emphasized painting， calligraphy， and stone inscriptions， while archaeology and artifacts focused on excavations. Education research emphasized educational ideologies and methods， whereas sociological research leaned towards genealogy and ritual customs， and in the field of documentary studies， there were a relatively large number of achievements in textual editions， bibliography， and textual criticism. In the field of political research， studies on the bureaucratic system， local administrative systems， and political reforms stood out. Literary research had the largest number of active authors， followed by academic thought research. A higher concentration of active authors in a field indicated deeper and more mature scholarly engagement. Active authors not only contributed substantial research outputs but also demonstrated interdisciplinary breadth， often participating in multiple research domains simultaneously. The works of active authors often represented the academic level and quality of the relevant fields. 2025 Vol. 64 (4): 74-89 [Abstract] ( 218 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1476 KB)  ( 1116 ) 90 The Symbiotic Logic and Practical Pathways of the Human-AI Hybrid Educator Wang Wen　　Deng Youchao The rapid development of generative artificial intelligence and its in-depth application in the field of education have propelled the emergence of human-Al hybrid educators. Teachers， students， and artificial intelligence entities are the three fundamental symbiotic units of the hybrid educator， with four types of interactive relationships： teacher-student， teacher-machine， student-machine， and teacher-student-machine. The symbiotic model of the human-AI hybrid educator exhibits multi-dimensional heterogeneity and dynamism. From an ecological perspective of symbiotic units， there are competitive symbiosis， complementary symbiosis， and independent coexistence. From the perspective of behavioral benefits， there are mutualistic symbiosis， commensalistic symbiosis， and parasitic symbiosis. From the perspective of the status of the symbiotic units， there are satellite and network models of symbiosis. The symbiotic environment influences the symbiotic model， and the human-AI hybrid educator is likely to be positioned in an integrated field that comprising virtual-physical hybrid natural (technological) environment， complex social contexts， and specific educational settings. In practice， it is essential to observe the basic principle of maximizing the symbiotic effect， dynamically select appropriate symbiotic models， create a positive and multidimensional symbiotic environment， enhance the awareness and ability of teachers and students to coexist symbiotically with artificial intelligence entities， give full play to the respective advantages of teachers as reflective educators， students as self-educators， and artificial intelligence entities as institutionalized educators， improve students' academic achievements， promote teachers' professional development， achieve iterative optimization of artificial intelligence technology， and jointly build a harmonious human-AI symbiotic hybrid educational ecosystem. 2025 Vol. 64 (4): 90-99 [Abstract] ( 324 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1559 KB)  ( 1219 ) 100 From the “Lytton Report” to the “League of Nations Report”—The Final Resolution of the League of Nations Regarding the September 18thIncident and the Foreign Policy Responses of the National Government Hou Zhongjun, After the investigation trip to Northeast China， the Lytton Commission listened to the opinions from both Chinese and Japanese sides， undertook a second investigation to Japan， and finally completed the “Lytton Report” in Beiping. Although domestic voices expressed criticism in China， especially dissatisfaction with the solutions outlined in the last two chapters， the general consensus deemed it reasonable. The League of Nations Council entrusted the Committee of Nineteen Nations to persuade China to accept the mediation plan， and simultaneously drafted the “League of Nations Report”. The General Assembly of the League of Nations passed the “League of Nations Report”， which formed the final resolution on the September 18th Incident and issued recommendations for resolving the conflicts between China and Japan. The National Government's diplomacy achieved certain results. Based on the investigation， the League of Nations denied the legitimacy of Manchukuo and refused to recognize Japan's unilateral alteration of the status quo in Northeast China. 2025 Vol. 64 (4): 100-111 [Abstract] ( 270 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1495 KB)  ( 774 ) 112 The Struggle between Concealment and Anti-Concealment in the Policy of Equitable Burden-Sharing of the North China Base Areas during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression Ba Zengqiang The policy of equitable burden-sharing was an important fiscal measure implemented by the Communist Party of China (CPC) in the base areas during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression， playing a crucial role in securing victory in the war. However， the implementation of this policy was not smooth but faced many difficulties， one of which was the concealment behaviors aimed at evading burdens. Consequently， the CPC initiated targeted anti-concealment struggles in the base areas. In the North China base areas， concealment was mainly manifested in hiding land and miscellaneous incomes， with various methods employed to evade the burden. To effectively counteract concealment and burden evasion， some base areas formulated specific penalties for violations of burden regulations， and local Party organizations carried out extensive publicity and educational campaigns tailored to local conditions. Through these combined efforts， the anti-concealment struggle in the North China base areas achieved significant effects. Civilians who had concealed assets came to realize their mistakes and corrected their actions， leading to increased support and endorsement of the policy of equitable burden-sharing among the local population. It is worth noting that the concealment of land by ordinary civilians was largely a reflection of their smallholder mentality and was often due to manipulation by unscrupulous individuals rather than a lack of national consciousness. 2025 Vol. 64 (4): 112-119 [Abstract] ( 171 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1403 KB)  ( 287 ) 120 Listening to the Rain in the Hollow Valley：Wang Qingwei and the Artistic Community of the Jiangnan Region in the Late Qing Dynasty Liu Xun,Translated by Liu Xuetao 1803， Wang Qingwei， a lay Daoist priestess at the Fuhui Shuangxiu cloister located outside the east gage of Wuxi commissioned Xi Gang， the most renowned painter at the time to paint a painting which she entitled， “Listening to the Rain in the Hollow Valley”. Perhaps partly due to the fact that the panting turned out to be one of the last few paintings Xi Gang drew shortly before his death in 1804， and partly due to the fact that Priestess Wang actively circulated it among the prominent literati scholars and the circles of calligraphers and painters， the painting became highly sought after and admired by several hundreds of Qing court officials， master calligraphers and painters， literati members and Buddhist and Daoist clergy. Either deeply moved by the transcendent Daoist visual motifs and mood in the painting， or inspired by Wang Qingwei's Daoist ascetic practice and life， many vied with one another in responding to the painting with their own poems， inscriptions and brushwork. Out of more than five hundred or so calligraphic， poetic， and inscriptive compositions， Wang selected the best to compile into an album entitled Listening to the Rain in the Hollow Valley. The album became an instant hit among the cultural elite of the Jiangnan region. Though the album was lost several times， it was assiduously and avidly amassed， reconstituted， and recompiled each time even after Wang's death in 1827. The album's repeated recompilations reflect its wide influence and extensive reception， and also mirror the creation and existence of a vibrant Daoist artistic community led by a lay Daoist priestess. The formation and evolution of the lay Daoist cultural and artistic community attest to the reality that Daoist ideals and values had also become an inseparable part of the spiritual world， aesthetic taste， daily life and forms of expression of the elite at the time. They also embody a special form of existence and vitality of Daoism in the late Qing society and culture of the Jiangnan region. 2025 Vol. 64 (4): 120-134 [Abstract] ( 315 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (4776 KB)  ( 4506 ) 135 New Mileage and Old System： The 1907 Dispute over Mileage in Four Prefectures of Zhili Wang Hanmei The transformation of the postal and courier system in the late Qing Dynasty was directly related to the interactions between the central and local governments. In 1907， a dispute over expense allocation emerged in the four prefectures of Zhili Province due to the decision to transport Beijing-bounded supplies by railway instead of the traditional postal routes. In the face of this new issue， the central government offered no clear regulations and directives. The provincial government's solution was to distribute the costs evenly based on revised railway mileage， in hope of resolving the issue quickly through administrative orders. However， this equal-distribution plan relied on the traditional system of local financial burden-sharing and took into account of the fiscal conditions with postal-prefecture counties. It thus replicated the logic of an outdated system， failing to satisfy local demands or address systemic flaws. In fact， attempts at compromise and reconciliation under the premise of maintaining the old system cannot resolve fundamental contradictions， as the traditional postal and courier system was embedded within the political， financial， and social structures of the Qing Dynasty. Although seemingly minor， this dispute revealed far-reaching implications， exposing the lag in institutional norms behind the operational realities. It also reflected the dilemmas faced by the late Qing reforms and the transformation of the postal system， highlighting the divergent responses to reform among the central government， provincial authorities， and local entities. 2025 Vol. 64 (4): 135-145 [Abstract] ( 183 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1781 KB)  ( 480 ) 146 Thought， Literary Grace and “Play”—On the Words with Reversed Morphemes in Lu Xun's Works Zhang Quanzhi Words with reversed morphemes are a common linguistic phenomenon in Chinese language， yet they hold special significance for Lu Xun. His extensive use of such words not only aimed at achieving linguistic defamiliarization but also reflected his contrarian thinking， playful mindset， and lexical preferences. The words with reversed morphemes in Lu Xun's works can be categorized into three types： the first type consists of the most prevalent reversed words still in active use to this day； the second type is rarely seen but embodies Lu Xun's personal style； the third type comprises reversed words within Lu Xun's ideologically charged vocabulary， which best encapsulates the significance and value of Lu Xun's use of words with reversed morphemes. 2025 Vol. 64 (4): 146-155 [Abstract] ( 187 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1436 KB)  ( 627 ) 156 The Disenchantment of Landscape： Lu Xun's Aesthetics of Nature and Anti-Romantic Writing Shao Ningning Lu Xun's attitude towards landscape description and natural aesthetics underwent a historical transformation. This evolution is evident in his shift from an early preference for natural aesthetics to an emphasis on scientific cognition； in his discovery of the “moonlight” motif during the May 4th Movement， followed by his deliberate alienation from and ironic treatment of natural beauty； and in his Shanghai-era portrayal of urban scenery under the title of “Quasi-Remarks on Wind and Moon”. All these developments profoundly reflect some key facets of his intellectual and personal growth. This involves not only a departure from and rejection of traditional literati sensibilities but also an active response to the harsh realities of life. Moreover， all of this is closely linked to a broader ideological current in modern and contemporary Chinese literature， a trend marked by the “exile of lyricism”， which highlights the modern characteristics of Chinese literary aesthetics in a unique “anti-romantic” way. 2025 Vol. 64 (4): 156-165 [Abstract] ( 219 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1450 KB)  ( 157 ) 166 From Knowledge Mastery to Knowledge Application： A Contemporary Shift in the Value Orientation of Knowledge Teaching Chen Youqing　　Mao Qiming Knowledge teaching has different value orientations and corresponding education functions. For decades， school education in China has primarily emphasized knowledge mastery as the central value of knowledge teaching. In response to the demands of national modernization for cultivating talent capable of creatively solving practical problems，we argue that the value orientation of knowledge teaching in China's school education should be shifted from knowledge acquisition to knowledge application. The application of knowledge involves two distinct processes： general task execution and problem-solving. General task execution entails straightforward knowledge utilization， where learners directly apply acquired knowledge to transcend individual experiential limitations， achieving greater effectiveness and quality in goal selection， process design and implementation. Problem-solving， however， requires complex knowledge application—learners must creatively adapt or reconstruct their knowledge base to address novel situations and practical challenges. Knowledge that learners can flexibly apply differs fundamentally from disciplinary knowledge as an academic object or merely memorized content. Instead， it represents internalized， proficient， integrated， and contextually adaptive knowledge shaped through learners' active engagement with specific scenarios. Emphasizing knowledge application necessitates multi-dimensional reforms in knowledge instruction： in value orientation， it is necessary to prioritize learning to apply knowledge for action or problem-solving as the core educational objective； in content selection， it is necessary to transform knowledge acquisition by emphasizing complexity， contextualization， and structuration of learning materials； in process organization， it is necessary to foster learner agency through pedagogical innovations that establish student-centered teaching-learning dynamics， ensuring alignment with application-oriented goals. 2025 Vol. 64 (4): 166-179 [Abstract] ( 202 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1535 KB)  ( 949 ) 180 Who Exhibits Stronger Work Vitality？—A Latent Profile Analysis Based on Organizational Commitment of Rural Targeted Teachers Zhang Yuanyuan　　Yang Yuqing The transition of rural targeted teachers (referred to as “targeted teachers”) from “contract-based entry” to “responsibility-anchored presence” contributes to the development of a high-caliber， professionalized， and innovative rural teaching workforce. Examining the differentiated manifestations of work vitality among targeted teachers classified by their organizational commitment profiles， while capturing the heterogeneous characteristics within the group， can provide practical pathways to guide their full dedication to rural education. From an individual-centered perspective， this study employs Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) to discuss the typologies of organizational commitment among targeted teachers and their effects on work vitality. The results revealed the following distribution of organizational commitment profiles： Low-Commitment(29%)， Low-Ideal-Commitment(7%)，Moderate-Commitment(37%)， Affective-Commitment-Dominant(18%)， and High-Commitment(9%). The categorical distribution is influenced by factors including gender， years of service， school location， and the location of the training institutions. There are significant variations in work vitality among teachers of different categories， with Affective-Commitment-Dominant teachers showing markedly higher levels of work vitality. Therefore， comprehensive efforts should be made in enhancing professional adaptation， developing sustainable professional competencies， and fostering the sense of “hometown attachment” to ensure voluntary retention and active engagement among targeted teachers. 2025 Vol. 64 (4): 180-188 [Abstract] ( 151 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF (1477 KB)  ( 237 )

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