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2025 Vol. 64, No. 5
Published: 2025-09-27
33
Providing “Suitable Education” for Every Student—The Value Pursuit and Institutional Design of “Suitable Education”
Feng Jianjun
“Suitable education” is an educational concept that respects the laws of students' physical and mental development， and focuses on meeting the personalized developmental needs of each student. It represents a contemporary expression of the ancient principle of “teaching students in accordance with their aptitude”， and constitutes an inherent requirement for building a high-quality education system and providing education that satisfies the people. “Suitable education” is student-centered， based on respect for students' uniqueness and differences， centered on students' genuine free choice， aimed at stimulating students' potential strengths， and guaranteed by educational equity. “Suitable education” must take the personalized development of students as its starting point and ultimate goal， and design diversified systems for curriculum provision， personalized learning， multifaceted and developmental assessment， open and flexible education policies， supported by an artificial intelligence system.
2025 Vol. 64 (5): 33-42 [
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43
Towards the Future of Humanity and the Earth： Mission of the Era and Advancement Pathways of Ecological Civilization Education
Yue Wei
The ecological crisis is inherent to humankind. Ecological civilization represents a new form of civilization. The development of ecological civilization requires the participation of education， and ecological civilization education is a vital force in resolving ecological crisis as well as accelerating the transformation of human civilization. Diverging from the modern education of the industrial era， ecological civilization education constitutes a new form of education in keeping with ecological civilization. Towards the sustainable future of humanity and the earth， ecological civilization education embraces the responsibility and mission of the era， upholding the concept of a global community shared by all life， the cultivation of citizens of the Earth， and the promotion of ecological culture. Since ecological education is future-oriented， the conceptualization of ecological civilization education should follow a logic that integrates strategic foresight with pragmatic planning. Since ecological education is also global in scope， deepening ecological civilization education requires adhering to an action framework that combines global thinking with local action. Strengthening the institutional development of ecological civilization education， accelerating the construction of an ecological civilization education system， innovating methods for ecological civilization education， and expanding international exchanges and cooperation in this field are significant pathways for advancing ecological civilization education.
2025 Vol. 64 (5): 43-50 [
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51
The Value Shift and Practical Strategies of Neo-Elite Higher Education
Chen Liang
Neo-elite higher education differs from traditional elite higher education. It represents an important approach for promoting a good life and common prosperity in the new era. It is also an ideal type of higher education that is open， inclusive， and accommodating of differences in the era of mass higher education. In practice， influenced by the “comparative logic” of traditional elite higher education， the utilitarian value orientation of “instrumental use” has become prevalent in the current higher education， which can easily be mired by dataism and meritocracy under the pressure of a success-oriented mentality. Neo-elite higher education， however， adheres to the ultimate concern of “goodness” in value， taking the resonance of public rationality as its foundation. It consistently upholds the values of goodness in “purpose”， “process”， and “result”， and the value orientations of otherness， publicity， and inclusiveness. In order to re-imagine a new social contract that resonates between higher education and future society， neo-elite higher education needs to focus on people's feasible abilities and substantive freedom， strengthen the consciousness of value goodness， construct a benign and orderly governance ecology， maintain pluralism in co-construction， co-governance， and sharing within the communicative world， and realize the organic synergy between shaping souls and nurturing talent and driving social development.
2025 Vol. 64 (5): 51-62 [
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63
Violence Governance，“Private Power Society”， and Construction of Order in the Modern State —Evidence from China's Rural Experience
Chen Junya
Violence is the “oldest form of social control” in human society. In traditional states， power was fragmented and multi-centered， while modern states institutionally integrates all units engaged in political activities within the territory into a single political center. Since the Qin Qynasty， China sought to nationalize local violence but failed to penetrate rural society， where clan militias and local armed groups formed a “self-reliant society.” After 1949， China focused on eliminating non-state violence， strengthening legal-institutional order， and building a state-dominated framework for stability， supplemented by society.
2025 Vol. 64 (5): 63-71 [
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72
Data Activation and Precision Effect： The Value Narrative of Rural Public Service List Provision
Chen Haotian
The digital transformation of the rural public service list takes data activation as the underlying logic， with the technical support through data-driven development， platform integration， and intelligent terminals. Data drives the precise execution of decisions related to rural public service list， while platform integration helps to break down departmental information silos and promote the effective allocation of public service list resources. Intelligent terminals provide technological support for bridging the “last mile” of public services. On the basis of forming an inclusive smart network， digital technology has promoted the process re-engineering of the rural public service list， enabling precise profiling of farmer's characteristics and demand types， and integrating services to improve the efficiency of rural public service list provision. In the digital field， it is necessary to create rural public service scenarios that encompass basic survival， development empowerment and quality upgrades. As a technological thinking and value narrative approach， the digital program of rural public service list reduces time expenditure， structures the provision over time， and enhances supply efficiency. On the one hand， the rural public service list accelerates the integration of physical and virtual spaces， promotes fair distribution of list resources， and clarifies the rights and responsibilities associated with the integration of the list system and digital technology. On the other hand， the public service list bridges the digital divide through algorithmic justice， enhances the public rationality of algorithmic negotiation governance， and recreates the good governance order of digital provision of rural public service list.
2025 Vol. 64 (5): 72-81 [
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82
How Agriculture Shaped “China” —The Economic Foundation for the Formation of the Central Plains
Sun Qingwei
During the formation and early development of Chinese civilization， agriculture was a critical factor influencing its rise and fall. Around 10,000 years ago， cultivated rice emerged in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Evidence of cultivated millet grains was discovered at several sites in the Central Plains and North China regions. Accordingly， primitive villages (settlements with concentrated population) came into existence， and early rituals started to take shape. During the Peiligang period (around 8,500—7,000 years ago)， agricultural production and livestock husbandry began to develop， giving rise to significant population growth， larger settlements， more complex structures， and the emergence of power distribution within settlements. During the Yangshao period (around 7,000—5,000 years ago)， agriculture developed further， facilitating the accumulation of wealth， population， and power. Around 5,300 years ago， numerous “early states” emerged， represented by large-scale settlements， ushering in the prosperous phase of civilization known as the “Myriad States under Heaven” .With the advent of the Longshan period (around 4,300—3,800 years ago)， agricultural production in the Central Plains became increasingly specialized， institutionalized， and state-integrated， laying a solid economic foundation for the emergence of the Central Plains as the center. This process shaped the “unity in diversity” framework of the Chinese civilization， marked by the birth of “China”.
2025 Vol. 64 (5): 82-92 [
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93
Joint Governance of Employers and Employees： The Internal Mechanism of Industry Governance under the Guild System in the Late Qing Dynasty
Peng Nansheng
Industry self-governance emerged as a product of socioeconomic development reaching a certain stage and constitutes the primary responsibility of industry organizations. Since the late Qing Dynasty， guilds have assumed a pivotal role in traditional industrial and commercial self-regulation. The formulation and enforcement of guild regulations served as the principal means of industry self-governance， realized by a joint governance structure of employers and employees acting as its internal mechanism. Annual assemblies provided the institutional framework for joint decision-making by both parties， while veneration of ancestral masters of the industry and ritual sacrifices formed the cultural foundation sustaining this collaborative governance. The persistence and operation of this co-governance system stemmed from profound internal economic factors， reflecting the underdeveloped nature of traditional handicraft economies and the lack of clear class distinctions. Social traditions and cultural customs provided the fertile historical soil for its growth.
2025 Vol. 64 (5): 93-105 [
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106
Zisi's Educational Philosophy and the Concept of “Education through Music”
Wang Qizhou
Zisi's Doctrine of the Mean inherits Confucius fundamental tenets of Confucian education， expounding the philosophy that “nature is the mandate of Heaven； following nature is the Way； and cultivating the Way is teaching.” He identifies “sincerity” as the crucial guarantee for achieving the goals of Confucian education， arguing that “The sincere man represents the Way of Heaven； the practice of sincerity is the Way of man. The sincere man realizes truth without effort， attains without reflection， and calmly follows the middle path， which is the way of the sage. For man in pursuit of sincerity， it means to choose the good and adheres to it.” Thus， he reveals the “Confucian teaching method”. Drawing on the literature from the unearthed Chu bamboo slips such as “The Five Elements” and “Nature Derived from Destiny，” we see that Zisi regarded Confucian education as “humanistic” education， aimed at “cultivating the inside virtue”. Here， “inside” refers to “nature mandated by Heaven”， and “virtue” refers to the “five elements”(benevolence， righteousness， propriety， wisdom， and sageliness) which “operate from the inside” and are rooted in Heaven's mandate. The “sagely” virtue is sincerity， inherent in all people without any effort to seek it， and therefore every man can become a sage. This virtue is the harmony of the Five Elements. “Harmony brings joy， joy brings virtue”， and “without joy， there is no virtue”. The sagely virtue， embodied in joy， must be cultivated through “music education”. Confucian “education through music” is not merely musical training， but rather a “humanistic” education that nurtures a gentleman's character and fosters a joyful spirit. Therefore， Zisi's advocacy of the “harmony of the Five Elements” and “joy brings virtue” through “music education” not only represents a new development of Confucius' thought but also ushers in a new stage in Confucian education.
2025 Vol. 64 (5): 106-119 [
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120
On the Stylistic Attributes and Origin of“Long Narrative Poetry” in the Tang Dynasty—Taking Three Court Narrative Poems as the Focus
Wu Huaidong
Only a handful of long narrative poems written by Tang Dynasty literati have survived to this day. While“Song of Everlasting Regret”， “Lianchang Palace Lyric”， and “Jinyang Gate Poem” are all based on the real historical figures of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang and Yang Guifei (literally Noble Consort Yang) and their palace life， the plots are fictional to a certain extent. Although these three poems have some factors of “novel，” such as narrative and fictional， they still belong to the category of lyric poetry. The traditional concept of “long narrative poetry” is not enough to characterize its poetic uniqueness. The emergence of this unique narrative poetry was closely related to the social and cultural environment of the mid-Tang Dynasty， especially influenced by folk literature and religious oral art. In the literary environment where short lyric poetry was highly developed and had formed a strong tradition since the pre-Qin period， such long narrative poems were also rare in the Tang Dynasty and did not continue to be developed or widely popularized by later generations of literati.
2025 Vol. 64 (5): 120-128 [
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129
Chinese Classics and East Asian Perspective： A Collective Event on the Poems Inscribed on “Illustration to the Shanglin Fu” by Korean Scholars
Wang Sihao
The Chinese literary classic “Shanglin Fu” was visualized as “Illustration to the Shanglin Fu”， and due to the transmission of this painting from China to Korea， Korean scholars participated in this historical event of multiple “image” transformations. When appreciating this painting， Korean scholars viewed the atmosphere of the Han Dynasty and the history of China with a global perspective， and praised the concept of “respecting China” from foreign countries. Due to the “sacred domain” characteristics of Shanglin Garden， they evaluated the Holy Emperor， praising the martial and capable monarchs， and criticizing rulers who valued culture and status quo. Therefore， they formed a completely different view of the “Holy Emperor” from the people of the Central Plains.This painting triggered a collective inscription event among Korean Western Party in East Asia， becoming a protest declaration from scholars in their “peripheral” region. In the transition from Ming to Qing dynasties， Korean Scholars entered the Shanglin Garden， which represented the martial spirit out of “revering Zhou while longing for Ming”. After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty， they reluctantly walked out of the “Shanglin Garden” and gradually returned to the literary sanctuary of “Liang Garden”， indulging themselves in the pleasure of a vassal state and presenting a unique landscape that was different from the taste of the Central Plains.
2025 Vol. 64 (5): 129-135 [
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136
Materiality， Natural Laws and Material Existence—The Structural System of Natural Beauty
Hu Youfeng
How to understand the structure of natural beauty？ This question has always been a controversial issue in Western natural aesthetics， leading to the development of a conceptual approach to understanding natural beauty from the perspectives of “materiality”， “natural laws” and “material existence”. “Materiality” refers to the external， sensory form of natural beauty， which is also the initial pathway for the subject to perceive natural beauty. The “picturesque” model of natural aesthetics， starting from the level of materiality， focuses on the formal characteristics of natural objects， attaches importance to the sensory appearance of natural beauty， and provides a framework for integrating natural beauty into the aesthetic perspective. “Intuitive perception”， “aesthetic judgment” and “authentic existence” construct a hierarchical structure of materiality， bridging the disconnection between the picturesque model and the authentic form of nature. “Natural laws” manifest themselves as various objective laws in the operation of natural system， which affect the embodiment of external forms. Scientific cognitivism of environmental aesthetics takes them as the basis of “aesthetic appropriateness”， thereby grasping the inherent rationale behind the generation of natural beauty and providing a scheme for the appropriate aesthetic appreciation of natural environment. “Material existence” points to the metaphysical origin of natural beauty. Nature is the spontaneous emergence of the existence of things， and also shows people's understanding of existence. Starting from this perspective， Heidegger focuses on the authentic connotations of natural beauty and reveals the original ecological relationship between man and nature. These three perspectives all understand natural beauty from a single perspective. While reasonable， they fail to capture the full picture of natural beauty. Natural beauty is a structural system generated through the progression of “materiality， natural laws and material existence”. In order to understand natural beauty， it is necessary to shift from the isolated interpretation from a single perspective to a comprehensive systematic interpretation， promoting the integration of nature and the poetic human nature， thereby transforming the natural aesthetics to the ecological aesthetics.
2025 Vol. 64 (5): 136-144 [
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145
From Object to Method： On Interdisciplinary Literary Studies and the Turn to Agency of Literature
Shang Biwu
The method wars in Western academia at the turn of the 21st century reflects a critical reassessment of traditional literary criticism dominated by “suspicious hermeneutics.” Featured with interdisciplinarity， the symptomatic reading runs the risk of overshadowing and dissolving textual subjectivity. Against the backdrop of unidirectionality of current literary theory or interdisciplinary literary studies， it is necessary to call for a turn to agency of literature， which sees literature not only as a target of interpretation but also as a method for resolving problems， and thus helps to restore its original role as a technology. That said， literature is no longer just a passive object to be analyzed and interpreted. Instead， it is an effective means for constructing， shaping， and transforming the world—a means to resolve problems and a non-human actor to intervene in reality. Seeing literature not only as an object but also as a method， we aim to highlight the agency of literature in actor-network and respond to Eaglestone's concern of “why literature matters” and Felski's claim about “the uses of literature”.
2025 Vol. 64 (5): 145-158 [
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159
On Aspects of the Historiography of Digital Publishing
Fan Jun
Influenced by the surge in digital humanities， and particularly inspired by digital historiography， the field of digital publishing historiography has emerged. Although significant progress has been made in the digitization of traditional historical publishing materials， yet numerous challenges remain. New， native digital historical materials require greater attention by both academic and industrial specialists， and call for effective policies and methods to collect， preserve， and research on them. Moreover， digital publishing historiography also faces the challenge of the relationship between elite historiography and public historiography. The latter within digital historiography is poised to be a promising field of academic study. Whether digital publishing historiography can ultimately establish itself as a distinct discipline depends on further in-depth exploration and bold experimentation in the theoretical interpretation of publishing history.
2025 Vol. 64 (5): 159-165 [
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166
A Paradigm for High-Quality Development of the Digital Cultural Industry in the Era of Digital Intelligence —Based on the “Technology-Culture-System” Model
Xie Xuefang
The development of the digital cultural industry has entered a new stage of leapfrog development empowered by the digital intelligence and led by the digital civilization， following the evolutionary logic from technology as the “tool empowerment” for culture to the “human-machine symbiosis” of culture-technology. The empowerment of digital intelligence to culture industry has not only shaped a new map of intelligent computing-driven and virtual-real interaction， but also caused new dilemmas of the coexistence of AI illusion and generative bubbles. They include that algorithm black box brings AI illusion phenomenon and technological hegemony； AIGC generative bubbles increase copyright risks and subjectivity crises； new virtual addiction and labor risks in digital intelligent culture are exacerbating； the computing power crisis and the risk of reliance on independent core technology are increasing. Thus， the theoretical model of “technology-culture-system” is constructed to explore the paradigm of high-quality digital intelligence development. By adhering to the inherent logic of “self-generation， symbiosis， and regeneration” of the digital cultural industries， based on the principles of “co-governance， sharing， co-construction， and co-creation”， a high-quality development system for the digital cultural industry led by multi-centers is aimed to be established.
2025 Vol. 64 (5): 166-176 [
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177
Key Ideas and Practical Approaches of Intelligent Social Governance
Lyu Peng,
Intelligent society is a low-entropy society with a feature of high-intelligence structure， which is fully embodied in its operational principles， social fields， and application scenarios. There are currently two interpretations of “intelligent social governance”. The first is “social governance by means of intelligence” (the current model)， and the second is “the governance of an intelligent society” (the future model). To implement “intelligent social governance” requires the coordination between the present and the future. On the one hand， it is necessary to fully inherit the phased work foundation of the current model (intelligent cities， city brains， and so on)； on the other hand， it is necessary to explore forward-looking future models simultaneously. To proactively and steadily advance the transition from “social governance by means of intelligence” to “governance of an intelligent society，” the central government of China launched nationwide experimental exploration and announced the first batch of national comprehensive experimental bases in 2021， encouraging local governments to “pioneer” and conduct experimental exploration. Those bases， represented by the Wuhan base， have explored an effective and forward-looking governance approach. Based on existing digital and informational infrastructure， a large-scale social simulator has been built， which serves as a “replica” of the future model of intelligent society. This large-scale social simulator lays a foundation for low-cost， repeatable， and revocable social experiments， which empowers governance in key scenarios， delivers high-quality public policies， verifies outcomes and improve effectiveness in practice. Public awareness and cognitive alignment will be strengthened through popularization of concepts.
2025 Vol. 64 (5): 177-188 [
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