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2018 Vol. 57, No. 2
Published: 2018-03-27
1
The Study on the Relations of Pluralistic Subjects in the Cross-Boundary Governance of Water Resources：The Analysis of Weishan Lake and Tongli Canal Cases
Cui Jing
As a typical approach of public management， the substantial governance is preserved and inherited. The substantial governance is rendered as the characteristics of slack management on one hand， and on the other hand， it makes the local level society keep stable social order. This article examines the central-local government relations and state(government)-society (the public) relations based on the two cases of Weishan Lake and Tongli Canal in the process of cross-boundary governance of water resources. This article finds the twofold configurations including the top-down approach in the slack management between the central and local governments and the subtle influence from central government to the local and the bottom-up approach in taking advantage of opportunities for local governments and following the rules of the central government step by step. This twofold and multi-level process reflects the historical continuity of Chinese political system and provides implications for future development of state governance.
2018 Vol. 57 (2): 1-8 [
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472
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Rent Protection of Regime in Environment Event：Governance of Cyanobacteria Problem in Taihu Lake and the Context of River Chief System
Tao Yichun Chao Yungmau
Local governments had taken various measures to ease the condition of the 2007 Taihu Lake cyanobacteria crisis at that point. Also they had taken administrative measures and institutional measures like setting up the “river chief system” to clean up and protect Taihu Lake. The incident did not impact regional development， and there is no a crisis of similar scale ever taken place again， therefore these measures seems to be as effective as it was designed to be， and system of this sort has also been promoted. How could a local government overcome the environmental cost in the developmental process and show its adaptiveness and administrative capability？ Through actual participation， close observation， keep tracking of the developments of the incident， and to compare it with related cases，we can devise a more generalized form of institution. Developments spawn new problems， and pollution is one of the more urgent ones. But through contingent reply to the popular stress situation， the execution of coercive power and the dissolution of uncertainty， the local government forms a self-adapting mechanism and deals crisis at the base level by logics of “rent protection”.
2018 Vol. 57 (2): 9-18 [
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664
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19
The Policy Process of Implementing the “Dabaogan”：From Unified Policy to Three Regulations for Three Categories of Areas
Zhao Shukai
The process of implementing the “Dabaogan” (household responsibility system ) policy， lasting for 3 years， is the most difficult and essential part of the rural reform.The central document NO.1 published in January 1982 marked the end of the policy disputes.Before establishing the policy principle of peasant's independent choice， three policy forms took shape successively： first， unified policy entirely negates the fixing of farm output quotas for each household， lasting from December 1978 to September 1980； second， setting two categories of areas for two regulations，namely implementing the policy in poor areas but not in general areas， lasting from September 1980 to March 1981； third， setting three categories of areas to implement the policy， which means to have “work contracted to households” in poor areas， “unified management， co-production to labor” in intermediate areas and “professional contract， payment for co-production” in developed areas， and the policy lasts from March 1981 to January 1982. Such policy changes are not a process of planning， designing and directing， but are similar to going downstream or going with the flow.In this process， peasants pushed harder and harder， while the government conceded step by step. During government concession， opinions often diverge among senior leaders. Some advocate restraining or even reforming peasants， while some others advocate complying with peasants and following them.The confrontation and evolution of different opinions constitute three clear stages of high-level policies and show the mechanism and logic of high-level decision-making of rural reforms in the 1980s.
2018 Vol. 57 (2): 19-30 [
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721
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31
Historical Change and Contemporary Choice of Rural Grassroots Governance Unit
Li Zengyuan Liu Zhixiu
The governance unit is the carrier of the most basic human social activity and organization with different external forms in different periods.The rural grassroots governance unit is essentially an aggregate of regional people and its core is people.Historically， the rural grassroots governance unit has experienced a historical vicissitude process， the establishment of which is affected by many factors.In the new stage of modern state governance， the grassroots governance unit undertakes the tasks of convenient management， effective public service， promoting the development of people， maintaining political stability， strengthening the regime construction and etc. Different tasks have different properties， operation mechanism，while one governance unit has difficulty in implementing all the management issues. The setting up of the grassroots governance unit must take the unit's function，nature， the social development stage and other factors into consideration.The purpose of the establishment of the grassroots governance unit is to promote the liberation and development of people.Human being is a creature of social practice， so the grassroots governance unit must be diversification， differentiation， flexibility. The characteristics of the governance unit is essentially the outward expression of the social attribute of human being.
2018 Vol. 57 (2): 31-42 [
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511
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43
The Rethinking of Boosting County Economy under the New Normal
Yan Kun Bao Shuguang
Under the New Normal，the proportion of county economy in China's national economy proves to be significantly decreasing，and the growth speed of county economy slows down with the development highly decentralized. Not only is the county economy faced with such problems as， lack of top-level design and overall consideration， lag of systematic reforms， outflow of county production factors， and unsustainability of given development mode， but also with numerous strategic opportunities， like transformation of regional industries， new urbanization， overall deepened reform， etc. Boosting county economy should urgently eliminate path dependence from three levels： idea， technology and institution so as to enhance its development quality. At the level of idea， county economic development should transform its speed into quality， government-led mode into market-led mode， should jump out of the “administrative boundary”， and should base itself on the regional development space to seek development. At the level of technology， boosting county economy should foster county economic growth pole. And by employing the combination of carrying on the industry transfer with inducing returned rural migrant workers， the county motivates its development vitality， reasonably tackles the relations between attracting business as well as investment and the development of local enterprises， and heightens the endogenous economic driving force. At the level of institution， the top-level design of county economic development should be strengthened to further promote sub-provincial administrative institutional reform and facilitate the systematic and mechanic innovation by respecting market mechanism.
2018 Vol. 57 (2): 43-52 [
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53
Firm Heterogeneity， Market Exit and the Skewed Productivity Spatial Distribution of China Manufacturing Firms
Wei Wei Yang Yong Xiong Lin
This paper studies the shape of manufacturing firms' productivity spatial distribution by using the 1998－2008 industrial firm database from the China National Bureau of Statistics. It finds that the productivity distribution tends to be skewed and the skewness varies over times. Such variation is caused by the difference in exit behavior among heterogeneous firms with different productivity. Under the framework of New Economic Geography，it constructs a panel data consisting of 222 cities， then explores the linkage between economic geographic variables and the skewness of productivity distribution， and examined how these factors may influence the exit behavior of firms. The findings provide empirical evidence to further refine the New Economic Geography model， especially on the parameter setting on the firms' productivity distribution. Moreover the results also suggest that when regional policies such as planning of industrial structure and R&D research subsidy are implemented，policy makers should take into account of the shape of firms' productivity distribution to ensure the effectiveness of the policy.
2018 Vol. 57 (2): 53-64 [
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511
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65
On the Construction of Moral Norms in Our Society Ruled by Law
Long Jingyun Wu Tao
Morality is the value's and spiritual support of a society ruled by law. The values and roles of morality in the society ruled by law are mainly reflected on： the moral subject compensating for the internal defects of the object of governance by law； moral ego intensifying citizens to undertake responsibility； moral rules provide restraint mechanisms and spiritual guidance for the activities of people in the society ruled by law； and ethical community and its spiritual beliefs provide the cohesion for the society ruled by law. The construction of moral norms in the society ruled by law has three dimensions： the dimension of market economy and market economy order's build； the dimension of the democratization and law's development of state and social democracy； the dimension of man's own needs. At market economy level， the basic moral norms include： equality and mutual benefit， free competition， honesty， global responsibility； at the state and social level， the basic moral norms mainly include： people oriented， democracy and governance by law， fair and just， harmony and share； and at individual level， the basic ethics mainly include： solidarity and friendship， self-respect and self-discipline， knowledge and practice uniting as one， do judiciously something when others need help.
2018 Vol. 57 (2): 65-73 [
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74
MacIntyre's Thinking of the Local Community
Lou Ting Han Dongping
The local community is a political ethical thought by MacIntyre to deal with the challenges of modernity. Because the lack of moral political reality， MacIntyre believes that only the local community can save modern morality and civilization. The local community embedded in a social network of giving and receiving. The structures of giving and receiving are emphasizing their dependence on human. Therefore， the members of the community are strengthened the identification and pursuit of the common good. The local community rejects the capitalist system and the sharing of ideas that embodies the basic task of socialism， but also highlights the core values of the socialism. Although the local community is an imperfect political model， but MacIntyre regulated a socialist way for the modernity， it is worth thinking and learning.
2018 Vol. 57 (2): 74-80 [
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554
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81
Lu Xun's Belief and Knowledge of Humanitarianism
Xu Zuhua
Lu Xun's humanistic belief mainly belongs to moral beliefs. These beliefs include two types， one is introverted humanitarian belief， its basic content is to emphasize self humanitarian accomplishment； one is the extroverted humanitarian belief， its basic content is to emphasize respecting people's various reasonable rights，objecting against all kinds of unreasonable rights and those having no positive significance to the development of society and human. No matter what kind of humanitarian belief Lu Xun believes in， because they can be verified by fact or theory logic， they all have knowledge， especially the attribute of theoretical knowledge. Not only that，Lu Xun's introverted and extroverted humanitarian belief also has the significance and value of enriching past humanitarian theory.
2018 Vol. 57 (2): 81-88 [
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89
The Discussion of “Taiwan Culture” and Lu Hsun's Image in the Early Days of Restoration on Taiwan
He Zhuoen
After victory of the Anti-Japan War， Taiwan， which just returned to its motherland， although under the dominance of the Kuomintang's government， has suddenly emerged with a strong ideological trend of Leftist Cultural. The monthly magazine Taiwan Culture epitomizes Lu Hsun's propaganda and image-building. The image-shaping of Lu Hsun not only reflects integration of the cultural awareness of intellectual elites on “nationalization”and “modernization” inside and outside of Taiwan province under special circumstances， but also embodies a subtle psychological difference between the Mainland people in Taiwan to spread the concept of enlightenment and express their indignation demand. In addition， Chen Yi's left-leaning political concept and dilemma of governing are also important factors accounted for rising of the ideological trend of Leftist Cultural.
2018 Vol. 57 (2): 89-97 [
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98
On the Creation of Lu Xun's Essays during His Settlement in Shanghai
Huang Jian Han Yuxuan
After his settlement in Shanghai，Lu Xun still emphasizes on essays' criticism function. Combining with the understanding and thinking of Shanghai city and the China society， Lu Xun sharply criticizes various social phenomena occurred in the city of Shanghai，revealing his enlightenment thought of reforming the citizens which runs through his whole life. From the perspective of criticism features of Lu Xun's essays， he still complies with the value position， principles and standards of “civilization criticism” and “social criticism” advocated by himself，which reflects the public awareness and critical spirit held by a modern independent intellectual， namely his criticism of the essays are always good at raising the phenomena to the society and civilization development level， seeing the essence through the phenomenon， analyzing various elements hindering the development of modern society and civilization， and demonstrating the necessity of the development of modern civilization.
2018 Vol. 57 (2): 98-102 [
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588
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103
The Significance of Media Conversion in the Dramatic Adaptation of Lu Xun's Novels
Sun Shufang
The dramatic adaptation of Lu Xun's novels means that the media of information transmission has been transformed from novels to dramas， and the powerful dissemination function of drama is of great importance for the popularization of Lu Xun's novel. On how to adapt， this paper holds that the more faithful to the original works of Lu Xun's novels the dramatic adaptation is， the more helpful to inherit the classic. Lu Xun not only approved the adaption of his works， but also hoped that the adaption could really convey his works to the hearts of the broad masses，so that everyone could reflect seriously. Therefore， the first principle of the dramatic adaptation of Lu Xun's novels is to take the original as the basis， respecting the original. Although there are inevitable limitations in the dramatic adaptation of Lu Xun's novels， but from the previous extensive adaptation practice， achievements are very considerable，which shows that， as long as the adaption is faithful to the original ones and fully takes the advantage of drama， the dramatic adaptation of Lu Xun's novel can accomplish great deeds.
2018 Vol. 57 (2): 103-108 [
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658
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109
Modern Chinese Function Words and the Aesthetic Effect of Guo Moruo's Goddess
Qian Renren
The significance of Guo Moruo's Goddess(女神) in the literary history mainly lies in greatly promoting the modern change of the aesthetic effect of new poetry. This change is closely related to the usage of the modern Chinese function words in poetry， which changed the emotional expression and mode of thinking of ancient poetry， and formed the new subjective spirit of Chinese poetry under the influence of scientism. In particular，by the flexible and various usage of modal particles， poetry can fully reflect poets’“emotional liberation”and poets can express their romantic passion freely. The rational use of function words in poetry have brought about the enjambment， cross stanza and free verse of new poetry，forming the symmetry， balance and variation of new poetry，and promoting the formal change of Goddess. Especially the usage of modern rhetoric such as metaphor， analogy， quotation， exaggeration， repetition and parallelism，reaches the harmony of semantics， form and aesthetics， stimulating the new aesthetic trend of new poetry.
2018 Vol. 57 (2): 109-120 [
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121
From “Primitive Simplicity” to “Perfect Simplicity”——He Qifang's Poetic Creation under the Influence of Revolutionary Discourse
Wei Tianzhen
The exploration of poetic art and the changes of poetic style of He Qifang reflects the strong influence of the spread of revolutionary discourse on the value orientation，reading expectation and criticism standard of modern Chinese poetry . In the period of Prophecy， He Qifang's creation was referred to as “neglecting and escaping” the reality， mainly because his attitude to reality did not conform to the norms of the revolutionary discourse at that time. In the Song of the Night period， He Qifang warmly pursued and accepted the revolutionary discourse， great changes had taken place in his poetry expression， in order to adapt to the needs of the public dissemination of revolutionary discourse. In the Ode period， revolutionary discourse has been internalized into the poet's ideology， the overall style of his writing is very pure， showing a strong topicality. His old style poetry also embodies a distinct sense of the times， and the revolutionary discourse is embedded in it freely. From the adolescent self “soliloquy”， to the pursuit of the trend of the times， to the new era， his poetry writing course reflected a new pure spiritual pursuit.
2018 Vol. 57 (2): 121-127 [
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539
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130
The Game of Road Right and Tax Right——The Formation and Limited Change of Railway Cargo Donation System in the Late Qing Dynasty
Ma Linghe
Railway cargo donation is a likin-like taxation in the late Qing Dynasty， and its object is railway cargoes. Because of the uncertainty of the taxation power， the local government， which is the subject of the railway cargo donation， has to face both the pressure from central government's weakening of the local's control of the road right and the abolition of the likin， but also diplomatic pressure from the impact on the transit dues system as well as pressure from the railway enterprises to reduce the tax burden. The parties are concerned for different goals， and strive to safeguard their own interests， leading to the multi-party game based on the contradiction between road right and tax right. The contradiction between road right and tax right is the ambiguity between the central and local taxation rights and the management boundary of the railway management right.
2018 Vol. 57 (2): 130-142 [
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501
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143
The Jingzheng Ju and County Fiscal Reform in Late Qing Dynasty
Liang Yong
After Xianfeng-Tongzhi turmoil， the increase of land and commercial taxes and surcharges improved the fiscal freedom of the county. The trend was affected by a later reform by the provincial government seeking its own fiscal power after the New Deal of late Qing Dynasty. This essay， based on the Baxian archives， concludes that the new tax institution Jingzheng Ju，in its ability to strengthen provincial fiscal coordination and tax collection， helped to keep a fiscal balance between different counties while weakened their fiscal power at the same time.
2018 Vol. 57 (2): 143-150 [
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151
The Confucian Merchant Tradition in the Late Qing and the Early Republic and Its Contemporary Significance：A Case Study Centered on Zhang Jian and Jing Yuanshan
Ma Min
In the late Qing， with the great changes in the social movements rose the number of Chinese Confucius merchants and formed the Confucius merchants group represented by people like Zhang Jian and Jing Yuanshan. They tried to combine the Confucius ethics and capitalist thoughts on business， giving rise to the new business tradition， i.e.， Confucius merchant tradition. This tradition， although based on the traditional Confucius ethics， absorbed the fine parts of modern thoughts， such as patriotism， developing the country， business war and collaborations， which are of the characteristics of the new era. Compared with the Ming and Early Qing， those Confucius merchants paid more attention to the country-building， promoting the new education， and establishing the merchant’s association to realize the self-governing. This Confucius merchant tradition in the late Qing is of great historical importance to the rebuilding of business moral culture and entrepreneurship in the contemporary era.
2018 Vol. 57 (2): 151-160 [
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161
“Da Xue”： General Education in West and China and Integration of Ancient and Modern
Li Jianzhong Zhu Xiaocong
As a basic keyword of Chinese culture， the term “Da Xue”(大学) refers to three implications. Firstly， it is one of Great Books which is included in The Book of Rites(礼记). Secondly， comparing with “Xiao Xue”(小学)， it possesses the characteristics of school. At last， it means an education method. When “Da Xue” is translated into English word “university”， the three original implications of “Da Xue” grow into three regenerative implications in proper order： the spirit of original classics， the spirit of liberal arts and the spirit of integration. From original meaning to regenerative meaning， “Da Xue” reflects the integration of ancient and modern in Chinese general education. Its regenerative meaning has two aspects： on the institution level it means the model of academy of classical learning， and from the content of aim，it means gentleman personality. By explaining the meaning of “Da Xue” deeply， we can not only explain how “Da Xue” is connected with the coverage of “Da Dao”(大道)， the goal of “Da Ren”(大人) and main point of “Da Gang”(大纲)， but also find how “Da Xue” become the communication of the Chinese culture and the western culture in general education.
2018 Vol. 57 (2): 161-167 [
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168
An Empirical Study on Influence Factors of Salary Satisfaction of Public School Teachers： Based on the Equity Theory Perspective
Du Ping Xie Yao,
Salary satisfaction is the employee's key perception of salary， succeeding in salary system reform are highly depend on perception of employee， so the research of salary satisfaction have always been the hotspot of the salary research area. In the performance pay reform context， this article， from the equity theory perspective， using the sectional survey data of six counties in Beijing of 2014 to describe the levels and structure of salary satisfaction of public school teachers，analyzed the relations between teacher expectation salary differentials， comparison of salaries and teacher salary satisfaction. The results showed that the levels of salary satisfaction of Beijing primary and secondary school teachers were relatively low， the five dimensional teacher salary satisfaction including the subsidy satisfaction had good explanatory power of teacher salary satisfaction in Beijing. Controlling the salary level and other factors， comparing with civil servant had significant effects on the salary satisfaction of salary increasing， subsidy， salary system administration；Comparing with the people with the same academic degree had significant effects on the salary satisfaction of salary level and welfare. Besides that， the teaching experience and professional title of teachers can also be the important factors affecting teacher salary satisfaction. The salary level and salary comparison effects were proved in this research， and the policy implication was been discussed.
2018 Vol. 57 (2): 168-177 [
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636
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178
On the Legitimation Premises of Homeschooling
Duan Binbin
It is a controversial policy issue that home schooling can be legalized. From the legal perspective， home schooling fits the creation spirit of compulsory education system， thus can be a supplement of school compulsory education. However， the lack of scientificity， sociality and feasibility in practice has become a legal obstacle to home schooling. Therefore， it is necessary at least to enhance the scientific nature， make up for sociality and strengthen the feasibility so that home schooling can be legalized.so that home schooling can be legalized.This paper thinks， only by means of constructing supporting system with the convergence of “school-family-community” and establishing a set of operable mechanism of access， service， evaluation， supervision and exit，can realize the legalization of home schooling.
2018 Vol. 57 (2): 178-185 [
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186
Paying Equal Attention to Quality and Equity：The Essential Meaning and Realization Mechanism of Higher Education Shunt
Zhang Jiping Dong Zefang
Quality and equity are two pillars of higher education shunt， which is the solid foundation to realize the Chinese transformation from a big country of high education to a powerful country. Adhering to the higher education shunt road of paying equal attention to quality and equity is the real requirement of adjusting the contradiction between supply and demand， the requirement of promoting the high quality development of higher education， the requirement of solving the problem of unbalanced development. The essence of it is to emphasize colleges and universities to develop differently with high quality and own characteristics. Its deep meaning is to promote the classification of students， and to give each person equal opportunity in terms of ability， interest and need， so that different students can become first-class talents in different fields.There are three main meanings of paying equal attention to quality and equity， that is， guiding different colleges and universities strive for a different first-class， letting the right students go to the right colleges or universities， allowing each student's unique nature to grow freely. To achieve reasonable distribution of higher education by improving quality and promoting equity， we need to establish a proper resource allocation mechanism and a multiple choice mechanism in accordance with one's aptitude，forming a distinctive university development mechanism， and build a compensation mechanism with concerted efforts.
2018 Vol. 57 (2): 186-192 [
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620
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