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2020 Vol. 59, No. 1
Published: 2020-01-27
1
Women’s Participation in Rural Basic Governance Units： An Analysis Based on Human Group Theory
Liu Xiaohong
Is rural women participating in village governance related to rural basic governance units, and how does it work？ A comparison of the rural basic governance units in the three typical periods with detailed analysis based on women’s oral history reveals the facts obscured by macronarration. In the traditional period，women did not participate in village governance， who were not directly governed by village units. Their governance rights were related to the family. The position of women cadres in the village committee which is the basic administrative unit in rural areas, is isolated. Rural women lack recognition and motivation to participate in village committees which exceed their social circles and social needs. Compared with the two units mentioned above，the rural land cooperatives based on natural villages in the early years of the founding of the People’s Republic of China are the units of governance that facilitate women’s participation. The size of natural villages are more suitable for women’s social interactions，resulting in the formation of space for political activities，gender consensus and women’s elites in localities. The rural land cooperatives have the functional needs of mobilizing women to participate in labor. The good connection between the rural land cooperatives and women’s participation in village governance has the research value for solving the problem of women’s inactive participation in villagers’ autonomy in present China.
2020 Vol. 59 (1): 1-10 [
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511
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Rules of Procedure： The Framework Basis for the Effective Realization of Villagers’ Autonomy——Taking the Rules of Procedure of Jiaoling as the Object of Study
Li Zhou Xu Yudong
“The Village Group Law” provides the legal framework of the system for villagers’ autonomy， but the effective realization of villagers’ autonomy still needs specific rules to make the management activities of the village public affairs wellorganized， and the rules of procedure of Jiaoling provide the framework basis for the effective realization of the autonomy. Based on the investigation and analysis of the rules of procedure of Jiaoling， this paper explains the internal relationship between the rules of procedure and the effective realization of autonomy from three aspects： argumentative rules， decisionmaking rules and executive rules. The specificity， procedurality and neutrality of the rules of procedure are the decisive factors affecting the effective realization of autonomy. The specificity of the rules determines the maneuverability of the rules and the procedural protection. The convergence of each link provides a systematic guarantee for the effective realization of autonomy， and the neutrality of the rules determines the identity degree of the rules. According to the specificity of the rules of procedure， a variety of procedural combination forms can form a variety of autonomous types.
2020 Vol. 59 (1): 11-17 [
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441
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Integration or Separation: The Study of Unit Combination of Rural Grassroots Governance in China——Taking the Reform of Rural Grassroots Governance in Qingyuan, Guangdong and Hangzhou, Zhejiang for Example
Zhang Xiangdong Li Xiaoqun
The grassroots governance unit in rural China has experienced a longterm transformation process in history, whose functional attributes are also becoming more diversified and complicated. The construction of rural grassroots governance units is the cornerstone for the building of the rural governance system and an important connotation of rural grassroots governance. It also directly affects the effectiveness of its governance. In the context of building a modern China’s governance system， “service” has replaced “management” and becomes the main trend of rural grassroots governance. And it has formed two basic attributes of rural grassroots governance units with villagers’ autonomy. The establishment of the rural grassroots governance unit is based on the multiexploration of the autonomous unit and the service unit， which is the reaction of the interaction between the state’s governance ability and its level of economic development and the degree of villagers’ social recognition. In the practice exploration of the governance reform， the autonomous unit and the service unit form different combination modes， either integration or separation，which provides a new path for improving rural grassroots governance.
2020 Vol. 59 (1): 18-23 [
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445
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24
Institutional Transformation and Innovative Development of Community Consultative Governance in China
Chen Rongzhuo Liu Yanan
Community consultation is the grassroots practice of the system of socialist consultative democracy，which is in the process of continuous concept innovation， practice adaptation and system evolution.The 19th CPC National Congress stresses that it is necessary to strengthen the building of the system of consultative democracy，form complete institutional procedures and the practice of participation， and ensure the right of the people to participate in their daily political life extensively，continuously and deeply. Therefore, in view of the current practice of community consultation, further institutionalization, standardization and coordination of community consultation has become an important development direction of current and future innovation of community consultation governance.
2020 Vol. 59 (1): 24-34 [
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481
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35
Organizational Elasticity and Rule Embedding： The Construction Logic of Rural Consultative Governance Unit——Based on Process Analysis of Rural Community Consultative Experiment in Tianchang City
Dang Yafei Ying Xiaoli
The consultative unit is the carrier factor for the effective realization of rural consultative governance. Through the description of the consultative cases， This paper reveals that the elastic ability of the consultative organization determines the reasonable scale of the consultative unit，and the degree of the embedding of the consultative rules ensures the stable form of the consultative unit. The shaping of the consultative unit depends on the combination of organizational elasticity and rule embedding， thus forming a composite consultative unit system consisting of a basic unit， a deterministic unit and a developmental unit. In addition， according to the interest demands and governance costs in the consultation process， four functional types of the consultative unit are distinguished： dialoguemediation type， decisionallocation type， executionsupervision type， and consultingcogovernance type， which also proves that the construction of various consultative units helps to diversify the consultation effectiveness.
2020 Vol. 59 (1): 35-42 [
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406
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43
The Trend of “Counterurbanization” of Population Spatial Distribution and Its Influencing Factors in the Yangtze River Economic Belt
Zhang Qichun Mei Ying
Taking the Yangtze River Economic Belt for example， this paper analyzes the counterurbanization trend of population spatial distribution in different city groups as well as inside cities， and its influencing factors by applying the ROXY index and PLSSEM model. The results show that in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River， the phenomenon of “counterurbanization” in which the population spreads from the central city to the periphery appears in cities including Shanghai， Wuhan， Nanjing， Chengdu， Hefei， Nanchang and Changsha. The influencing factors such as household registration, land policies，family responsibilities, children’s education and individual welfare are all significantly related to the population “counterurbanization” trend. The results have important implications for clarifying the new trend of population migration， exploring the dynamic mechanism of “counterurbanization”， and understanding and making good use of the “counterurbanization”trend.
2020 Vol. 59 (1): 43-53 [
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54
GMMOn the Efficiency of Local Government Debt Expenditure in China——Based on CRITIC Method and Lageffect
Jin Rongxue Xu Wenyun
On the basis of the investment orientation of local government debt， by setting up the efficient index of local government debt expenditure， and combining the panel statistics of 30 provinces from 2012 to 2017， meanwhile， making use of the system GMM method to calculate the lag period of local government debt output， this paper uses the basic “inputoutput” analysis method to evaluate the efficiency of local government debt expenditure in China.The empirical results show that： (1) the output lag period of local government debt is 1 year; (2) the efficiency of local government debt expenditure is declining in nearly half of China’s provinces; (3) the efficiency of local government debt expenditure is not necessarily related to the level of local governments’ own economic development. Accordingly, this paper puts forward the following suggestions which include building a dynamic evaluation and adjustment mechanism for the management of local government debt expenditure, improving the allocation efficiency of local government debt and formulating the new debt limit standards reasonably.
2020 Vol. 59 (1): 54-61 [
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516
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62
Strengthening Cultural Confidence as a National Cultural Strategy Is a Scientific Response to the Chinese Cultural Modernization
Fu Caiwu Qi Qianli
In the context of strengthening and promoting national cultural soft power， cultural confidence contains the comprehensive attitude to the difference between Chinese and western cultures，which is shown as the faith in historical tradition， psychological structure， core value， and particular institutional ideology of the nation. Strengthening cultural confidence as a national strategic concept and policy guidelines is a scientific response made by the Chinese nation to the new historical stage of cultural modernization after the country’s modernization of science， technology and economy. It is also the extension and deepening of the issue of “Chinese and western style” as the strategic path of national culture modernization in the new historical stage. Therefore， the rich connotations of cultural confidence can only be thoroughly understood when it is put in the process of the country’s modernization since the founding of the People’s Republic of China and even since 1840. After entering the 21st century， China’s rising international status and rapid economic modernization require the reconstruction of the subjective identity of the culture of Chinese nation and the clarification of the goals and paths for the modernization of the Chinese nation. All of these are based on the reconstruction of the cultural confidence of the Chinese nation. To enhance our cultural confidence， we must take Chinese traditional culture as the basis， integrate the new achievements of western industrial and technological civilization， revolutionary cultural tradition and the practice of contemporary cultural innovation, in order to achieve the “creative conversion and innovative development” of Chinese traditional culture, build and perfect a new cultural subject of the contemporary Chinese nation, and form the foundation of national cultural soft power in the new era.
2020 Vol. 59 (1): 62-72 [
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529
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73
Analysis on the Operating Mechanism of the Biweekly Consultation Forum in the New Era
Zhong Detao Kong Haitang,
Biweekly Consultation Forum is a regular democratic consultation forum system that CPPCC innovates and implements to meet the needs of comprehensively deepening reform and promoting the modernization of China’s governance system and capacity in the new era. As a system with complete process， reasonable procedures and flexible effect， the operation mechanism of the Biweekly Consultative Forum consists of six basic elements： the basis， the main body， the procedure， the characteristics， the value and the direction of the operation. Summing up and refining the experience and theory of the operation of the Biweekly Consultative Forum， together with its operation law， will be conducive to improve the new political party system in China， facilitate the development of socialist consultative democracy towards a wide range of multilevel institutionalization， and promote the modernization of China’s governance system and capacity， and then demonstrate the superiority and vitality of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics.
2020 Vol. 59 (1): 73-81 [
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539
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82
Intercultural Interpretation and Reconstruction of Modern NeoConfucian View of Intuition
Wang Shipeng Wang Ke
Intuition is a fundamental research method in Confucian philosophy， but for a long time， this method has been used frequently without enough reflection. Liang Shuming， Feng Youlan and Xiong Shili， the representatives of modern NeoConfucianist， combed and combined the intuition method which was widely used in Chinese philosophy. Comparing with and making use of the achievements of western philosophy and empirical scientific research， they creatively interpreted intuition in terms of Feiliang(非量)，Xingzhi(性智)，sensation and perception. In order to reconstruct the Confucian intuition concept from a comparative perspective， intuition research is introduced into the multiple relations of Ti(体) and Yong(用)， knowledge and action， positive and negative，noumenon and cognition, experience and transcendence. Modern NeoConfucian intuition research emphasizes the role and value of intuition， recognizes intuition as a necessary method of philosophical research， and tries to coordinate the relation between intuition and reason. At that time， its purpose was to “save the nation and survive” in Chinese philosophy and culture， but at present it echoes the intuition research of western experimental philosophy of mind. The experimental philosophy of mind defends a large number of intuitive methods in philosophical research by means of linguistic analysis and case study. That is similar to the intuition research of modern NeoConfucianism. The intuitive method that Confucian philosophy relies on should explore its existence mode with the spirit of the age and Chinese style from the perspective of crosscultural comparison.
2020 Vol. 59 (1): 82-88 [
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384
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89
On the Theory of Historical Dynamics of G. A. Cohen and Jürgen Habermas
Wu Lin
G. A. Cohen and Jürgen Habermas stand on the standpoint of scientism and humanism respectively to form two dynamic theories about the development of social history： the technical determinism and the social evolutionism. On the one hand， based on the tradition of AngloAmerican analytic philosophy， Cohen deduces technological progress or productivity as the ultimate driving force for the development of social history from the application of the universal law of social change， forming a technical determinism characterized by the “paradigm of production”. However， Cohen’s technical determinism faces a series of dilemmas. It fulfills neither the theoretical coherence problem nor the practical task of human liberation of Marx’s historical materialism. On the other hand， Habermas emphasizes that the change of the structure of moral practice consciousness is the key to understanding the historical change based on the tradition of European humanistic philosophy. Where Cohen is concerned about the technological progress of human beings， Habermas focuses on the evolution of communicative rationality and the learning process of moralitypractice， thus develops a social evolutionary theory characterized by the “paradigm of practice”. It inherits the classical meaning of Aristotle’s practical wisdom to a certain extent， and is more in line with Marx’s historical materialism than Cohen’s technical determinism.
2020 Vol. 59 (1): 89-95 [
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96
Wuyi Picture and Fu： An Exploration of a Literary Tradition
Xu Jie,
Since Chen Pu wrote two Wuyi Picture Fu during the late Song Dynasty and the early Yuan Dynasty，there have been 15 Fu with the same title written by successors down to the Qing Dynasty. The Fu is originated from Shang Shu and the story of Wuyi painted on the wall of the audience hall of the imperial palaces in the Tang and Song Dynasties，which is a prominent phenomenon in the history of Fu. To investigate the connection between Wuyi and Fu，we should trace back to the relative description in Han Fu. The unique creation mode of Han Fu has a direct influence on the textual forms of Wuyi and Fu，which shows the literary tradition centering on the “virtue of thrifty”.
2020 Vol. 59 (1): 96-103 [
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406
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104
The Research about Sun Yu’s Studies on The Book of Songs：The Survival State of Confucian Classics Studies in the Wei and Jin Dynasties
Cao Jianguo Chen Haixia
Sun Yu is a great Confucianist in the early years of Jin Dynasty. There are three kinds of views about his tendency on The Book of Songs in the academic history，which are “partial to Wang Su”，“partial to Zheng Xuan”， making a clear distinction between right and wrong. “Partial to Wang Su” put forward by Lu Deming is the mainstream viewpoint in the academic history for a long term. However，judging from the lost sentences of Mao Shi Yi Tong Ping and the reference context of Mao Shi Zheng Yi， it can be found that this viewpoint seemingly remains to be discussed. Mao Shi Yi Tong Ping has integrated the differences among Mao， Zheng， Wang’s annotation on The Book of Songs. In general，the primary mission of Sun Yu’s studies on The Book of Songs is not to form a clique， but to integrate the different views and make a clear distinction between right and wrong. The annotation method and interpretation strategy of The Book of Songs in Mao Shi Yi Tong Ping reflect the overall survival state of Confucian classics studies in the Wei and Jin Dynasties，which attach importance to integration，human feelings and principle，the interaction between Confucian Classics studies and literature，and the respect of knowledge， etc.
2020 Vol. 59 (1): 104-112 [
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487
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113
Wei Yingwu’s Learning Process on Lankavatara Sutra and Its Influence
Wu Huaidong Huang Xiaoyu
Lankavatara Sutra plays an essential role in the process of Wei Yingwu’s learning Buddhism.It is generally accepted that Wei Yingwu touched this sutra during the two periods when he visited the Tongde Temple in Luoyang and the Langya Temple in Chuzhou. Actually，before the two periods and when he held the position of bodyguard for the empire in the Daming Palace, young Wei Yingwu had known about the sutra from Master Jingjue of the Da Anguo Temple. The reasons of Wei Yingwu’s learning about the sutra are not only related to the Buddhism but also to his family. In the sunset of his life，Wei Yingwu once became the governor of Suzhou，where he made friends with the poets including Jiao Ran, Gu Kuang, etc. This may also be a factor in his learning Lankavatara Sutra. Lankavatara Sutra has impacts not only on Wei Yingwu’s poetic creation, but also the formation of his habit, such as vegetarian diet.
2020 Vol. 59 (1): 113-121 [
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522
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122
The Genealogical Composition of the Japanese Rightwing Forces after World War II and Its Realistic Impacts
Sun Lixiang
After the World War II， the genealogy of Japanese rightwing forces experienced an evolution from the “Postwar Rightwing” to the “New Rightwing”. The backbone members of the “Postwar Rightwing” lineage consist of four types of militarist remnants intentionally retained by the U.S. Occupation Authority. Its representative groups are four types of rightwing organizations such as Daitojuku. Their core idea is “Mikado Centralism” and “proAmerica and antiCommunist consciousness”. Their political activities are mainly centered on maintaining imperial unity， antiCommunist， antiChina and participating in elections. The main force of the “New Rightwing” pedigree is the rightwing youth， the new generation rightwing politicians and the rightwing intellectual elites. Its leading groups are four types of rightwing organizations， such as the Society for the Study of Liberal Historical Views. Their core idea is “antisystem” and “antiAmerica”. Their political activities are mainly focused on two aspects： creating terrorist incidents and antiChina incidents. To define the concept of “postwar Japanese rightwing forces” accurately， to analyze the social basis for the resurgence of Japanese rightwing forces， to reveal the real reasons for the resurgence of Japanese rightwing forces， to respond to the study of “split China theory” and the fallacy in understanding the nature of war carrying out by the Japanese rightwing intellectual elites, are important issues that should be paid special attention to in the study of Japanese rightwing forces.
2020 Vol. 59 (1): 122-131 [
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132
Miner Searle Bates’ Viewpoints on Chinese Christianity during the SinoJapanese War
Xu Bingsan
Miner Searle Bates， the president of the Nanjing International Security Zone and a professor of Nanking University， discussed the ChurchState relationship in China during the SinoJapanese War. Bates pointed out the fact that a lot of Christians left enemyoccupied areas to free areas，which unbalanced the distribution of Chinese Christians greatly. Church members should try their best to stick to their posts. During the wartime, social services and church development are equally important and mutually reinforcing，both of which should be enhanced. Missionaries in the enemyoccupied areas should avoid conflicts with Japanese and Puppet authorities for the sake of Christian Church safty， but they still need to uphold justice and keep the bottom line. A small number of Japanese Christians came to China with sincerity， but most of them took the same position with Japanese army due to political pressure and nationalism. Although Bates kept condemning the Japanese atrocities， he insisted on friendly exchanges with Japanese Christians and tried to make them awakened. Bates’ wartime writing provides plenty of historical materials to historians， and some of his assertions could be valuable academic growth points in the research of Christianity during the SinoJapanese War.
2020 Vol. 59 (1): 132-140 [
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141
The Construction of Merit Concept in the Han Dynasty and Its Development in the Judicial Field
Zhong Sheng
The concept of Merit was the judicial idea that judicial officials in the Han Dynasty were keen to uphold in their trials， which claimed that fair trial could accumulate merit and obtain blessing. This concept took retribution for good and evil as its ideological core and constructed a set of selfconsistency explanatory logic. The concept of Merit was widely advocated and emulated due to the active practices of Yu Gong and his son Yu Dingguo in the Han Dynasty. It reshaped the judicial idea of the Han Dynasty， which could be regarded as a means by which the group of judicial officials controlled and restrained selfbehavior，and was helpful to correct the merciless officials’ abuse of penalty that prevailed since the midWestern Han Dynasty and ease the social crisis. However， the concept of Merit caused the judicial officials to associate their own interests with the judicial trial， and even perverted the course of justice.
2020 Vol. 59 (1): 141-149 [
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501
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150
Text Writing and Social Memory： On the Burial Site of Ba Manzi from the Perspective of Historical Anthropology
Duan Chao Li Ran
Since the Chronicles of Hua Yang written by Chang Ju in Eastern Jin Dynasty， official history books， geographic records， local chronicles， modern and contemporary academic works have all explored the issue about the burial site of Ba Manzi， which can be traced in lots of historical documents， poems， legends， place names and local customs. These have formed precious historical memory that Ba Manzi was buried in Duting Mountain in Lichang. As the central government went into the Qingjiang River Valley， especially after Lichuan was established as a county after bureaucratization of native officers， the local officials hoped to strengthen the local governance through collating and carrying forward the culture relevant to Ba Manzi. The official text writing and local people’s social memory have provided more and more clear clue and reasonable logic for the view that Ba Manzi was buried in Baiyang Tang under the Duting Mountain in Lichuan. The historical process that the officials of all times， scholars， literati， modern and contemporary scholars， people of Lichuan explored the issue that Ba Manzi was buried in Lichuan is not only a kind of knowledge archaeology， but also a kind of cultural practice to promote and develop Ba Manzi’s spirit as well as a kind of representation of the heightening of Lichuan people’s culture awareness and confidence.
2020 Vol. 59 (1): 150-158 [
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159
Dong Qichang’s Socializing by Calligraphy and Painting and His “Career Network”：Officialdom， Literary Friendships and Commercial Network
Liu Zhongxing Yang Feng
In the middlelate Ming Dynasty， with the development of the commodity economy and the increase of commercial culture, calligraphy and painting gradually became a kind of popular cultural product， and the social functions of calligraphy and painting gradually got prominent. Based on the development of his officialdom， Dong Qichang gradually established an extensive social network， and widely used calligraphy and painting as a tool for social interaction. Calligraphy and painting became an important medium for him to maintain and deal with interpersonal relations in the fields of officialdom， literary friendships， and business circles. Dong Qichang had both the status of literati artist and bureaucratic gentry. With the interaction of political prestige and cultural fame， he controlled social discourse power by taking charge of important cultural capital， and gradually became one of the most recognized literati leaders of various social forces.
2020 Vol. 59 (1): 159-164 [
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430
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165
Probing into the Educational Value of Dewey’s Aesthetic Empiricism
Wang Kunqing Zhang Yuqin
The core issue of the experienceoriented Dewey education philosophy is the life dimension of education. Humanistic feelings of the children are cultivated in the course of their continuous socialization through the attention to their real life and the connection of their individual and social experience in the practice of education. Dewey constructs an educational philosophy system with rich contents based on the obedience and pursuit of experience. Among them， understanding the experience from the perspective of art and aesthetics is often the subject that people ignore，which is the uniqueness of Dewey’s philosophy. The basic value of Dewey’s aesthetic experience is that education should not only guide children to continuously gain experience， especially aesthetic experience， but also strive to make children accumulate life experience and develop the personality and the social maturity through the analysis of the experience and especially the aesthetic experience. On this basis，Dewey further believes that education itself is an art，which is the highest art that shapes people.
2020 Vol. 59 (1): 165-172 [
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173
Academic Achievements of Rural Undergraduates with Leftbehind Experience： Status， Characteristics and Targeted Assistance——Based on a Survey of 4596 Undergraduates
Jia Yonghong Huang Daozhu Zhang Lingyun
Based on the questionnaire survey of 4596 undergraduates in 8 universities， six characteristics about academic achievements of rural undergraduates with leftbehind experience are found. Firstly， the academic achievements of rural undergraduates with leftbehind experience are lower than not only that of ordinary undergraduates without leftbehind experience， but also that of ordinary rural undergraduates. Secondly，a large difference of academic achievements exists in different types of undergraduates with leftbehind experience and undergraduates without leftbehind experience. Thirdly，in the group of rural undergraduates with leftbehind experience，the academic achievements of male students are lower than that of female students. Fourthly，during the junior year， the difference of academic achievements between the rural undergraduates with leftbehind experience and the ordinary undergraduates without leftbehind experience is significant， but during the senior year，the gap between the two groups begins to reduce and tend to be consistent. Fifthly，the difference of academic achievements among different types of rural undergraduates with leftbehind experience is not significant. Finally，the urbanrural difference of rural undergraduates with leftbehind experience is not significant. The early rural leftbehind experience has a continuous negative impact on undergraduates’ current academic achievements. And the rural leftbehind experience is the primary factor leading to the relatively low academic achievements of rural undergraduates with leftbehind experience. Therefore， three types of targeted assistance (academic guidance， psychological care， living support) are needed to improve the academic achievements of rural undergraduates with leftbehind experience.
2020 Vol. 59 (1): 173-184 [
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185
Modern Professional： The Value Orientation of Vocational Education in the Era of Artificial Intelligence
Dong Shihua Hou Changlin
The wide application of artificial intelligence technology has a strong impact on occupational forms. The social division of labor is transforming from segmentation to polarization，and jobs needing intermediate skills are being widely replaced by artificial intelligence machines. At the same time， the emerging occupations are not only concentrated around the services for human life， but also focused on the highend operation and research and development of smart machines. Jobs show a Ushaped distribution of central compression and growth at both poles. The detechnicalization of the vocational field brings opportunities for quality education in vocational and technical colleges. The conditions for vocational education to return to peopleoriented are becoming more and more mature. Therefore，vocational colleges should establish dynamic adjustment mechanisms in the aspects such as talent training standards，talent training objectives， major setting and curriculum arrangement. In order to move up the vocational education hierarchy as a whole， we should focus on improving the comprehensive quality of modern professionals， increasing the fitness between majors and the artificial intelligence industry， building a curriculum system suitable for the development of artificial intelligence， in order to realiz the value purport of vocational education training modern professionals.
2020 Vol. 59 (1): 185-192 [
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