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2022 Vol. 61, No. 3
Published: 2022-05-27
1
Zhang Kaiyuan’s Contribution to the Research on the Modern Bourgeoisie
Yu Heping
The bourgeoisie are one of the essential study objects of modern Chinese history that have been examined since more than a hundred years ago. After the founding of People’s Republic of China， the research entered into a new stage. Before the reform and opening up， the research was mainly to explain and demonstrate the emergence of the new democratic revolution. It has started a new research period since 1949. In this change of research focus， Zhang Kaiyuan played a conspicuous leading role. Three new research concepts have been put forward and practiced successively： first， to study the class foundation of the 1911 Revolution， including the empirical research of the situation of the bourgeoisie during the Revolution and the comparative research between China and foreign countries； second， to open up the research of merchant groups， including chambers of commerce， guilds， countryman groups， gentry merchants and other different categories of merchant groups； third， to promote the research on the interaction among these merchant groups， including the interconnectedness between different business groups， and that between business groups and other social groups. Zhang Kaiyuan’s research approach demonstrates his academic ingenuity of keeping pace with the times and leading the path， which still plays an important part in academic advancement and leadership today.
2022 Vol. 61 (3): 1-10 [
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11
From M. S. Bates to Zhang Kaiyuan： Passing the Torch of Studies on the History of Christianity in China
Liu Jiafeng
In the late 1980s， Prof. Zhang Kaiyuan accidentally started his research into the history of Christian colleges in China， which led to the discovery of the writings by Miner Searle Bates， founder of the history department at the University of Nanking. The contents of “Bates’ writings” are extremely rich， showing Bates’ dedication to education and academic research， justice and selfless devotion throughout his life. In his later years， Mr. Zhang devoted himself to the study of “Bates’s writings”， and successively published works on the historical documents of the Nanjing Massacre， the history of Christian colleges， and the history of Christianity in China， which aroused great response from the academia and society at home and abroad. Zhang inherited Bates’ unfinished research on the history of Christianity in China， emphasizing the significance of missionary research in “stepping outside of modern Chinese history”. His calling for “the reconstruction of human spiritual civilization” corresponds to Bates’ appeals of “peace on earth， good will to Men”， and practiced “the participation of historiography”. From Bates to Zhang， from academic pursuit to life ideal， they both embody the spirit of exploration by passing torch from one generation to the next， which deserves to be inherited and carried forward by future generations.
2022 Vol. 61 (3): 11-23 [
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429
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24
The “New History School” of University of Nanking and Zhang Kaiyuan’s Preliminary Acceptance of History Studies
Zhao Guangjun
When we study Zhang Kaiyuan’s idea of history， a question should be considered： where did he receive his formal education in history studies？ In his recollections， he frequently mentioned the profound influence of the two－year undergraduate education in the History Department of University of Nanking， from which he did not officially graduate. We can basically tell that the history major of University of Nanking had a very different tradition from that of other universities in the Republic of China. Therefore， Wang Shengzu called it the “new history school”. It emphasized the field of modern world history， underscored historical materials as well as their relations to reality， imbued students with an education of open research， and employed an interdisciplinary training approach. These had a lifelong impact on Zhang Kaiyuan. From his academic works， we can expound the academic heritage that Zhang Kaiyuan inherited from the research concept of “new history school”.
2022 Vol. 61 (3): 24-37 [
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38
How does Man Persist across Time？——A New Domain of Discourse of Personal Identity Philosophy
Gao Xinmin
In the past， ontology only focused on the ways in which synchronic things exsisted when it came to the question of existence. With the development in personal identity studies， and the scientific achievements of relativity have penetrated into the study of space-time and existential philosophy， the new research field of persistence， which has both the nature of pure ontology and the philosophical interest of personal identity， has emerged. The new tendency is to explain the personal identity across time in terms of persistence. Due to the different understandings of persistence，such as endurence， perdurence， and exdurence， different theories such as three-dimensionalism， four-dimensionalism and exdurenism have been born and developed in competition with each other. The related research not only expands and deepens the field of personal identity philosophy， but also shows us a field different from the traditional ontology—the diachronic space-time and persistence of its subject. In order to take a step further， we should do a lot of methodological exploration in addition to further research on ontology， epistemology， logic and philosophy of personal identity.
2022 Vol. 61 (3): 38-47 [
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48
On the Internal Logic and Theoretical Characteristics of Marx’s Social View——A Critique of Sartre’s Social View
Mou Chengwen
Marx’s social view or Marxist social view supported by the concept of social relationships and playing a decisive role in the historical materialism， was criticized by Sartre，who attempted to use his concept of human relationships to transform Marx’s concept of social relationships fundamentally in order to replace Marx’s social view with his own. Through a comparative analysis of the three aspects on which Sartre intensely criticized Marx or Marxism， namely， the “human relationships” and “social relationships” as core concepts，the “gradual-regressive” and the “dialectical materialism” as basic research methods， and investigation and research on the state of human existence in terms of contingency and so on，the following conclusion can be drawn： Marx’s social view is scientific， still shining with the light of truth today. It means that Sartre’s criticism and his idea of a radical transformation are unnecessary.
2022 Vol. 61 (3): 48-55 [
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56
On the Chinese Culture-Education State： Based on a Macro-Historical Comparison with the Ancientand Modern States of the West
Yao Zhongqiu
Religion and government are the two main mechanisms for a state to bind the people. The relationship shaped by religion， which works as a track laying machine， determines the underlying structural form of the state. In China， the ruling government in the system of prefectures and counties established in the Qin Dynasty absorbed Confucianism and formed a culture-education state. The Confucius culture-education supported political power， so the government had moral legitimacy and political autonomy， empowering itself to directly rule the people and construct their national identity. The process of building a modern state along this historical path was finalized with an enhanced cultue-education state. In the West， however， the religion oppressed the secular government that lacked moral legitimacy and political autonomy， and thus lacked the necessary power of coverage and penetration. In ancient times， therefore， it could not compete with the church， so the church was dominating in Europe. In modern times， government strengthened its power， but still relied on religion to construct people’s national identity， resulting in the formation of self-sanctified nations and national states. The church was transformed into a society， and the society was self-sanctified to compete with the power of the government， resulting in the formation of a liberal state. In terms of direct rule and national identity， the Chinese culture-education state performs better than the Western nation-state and liberal state.
2022 Vol. 61 (3): 56-65 [
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66
Politics of Welfare Reform： Institutional Design， Policy Performance and Political Trust
Meng Tianguang
Welfare system is considered to play the roles of maintaining social stability， safeguarding social justice and creating legitimacy. In recent years， Chinese government has implemented a large scale welfare reform， which reflects the return to the historical state-society relations in the dimension of distributive politics. Therefore， it is necessary to examine the political effects of welfare reform through institutional design and policy performance. The analysis on the matching point of propensity value finds that welfare reform effectively strengthens political trust， but there exists a hierarchical difference： the strengthening effect of the central government is much stronger than that of the local government. On the one hand， institutional design constrains the effect of political trust generated by redistribution. Inclusive benefits have higher political returns than selective benefits， and exempt benefits are more stable than transfer benefits. Based on the causal mediation analysis， we further examine the institutional effects of institutional performance， welfare preference and justice efficacy in transmitting the political trust generated by welfare， and find that the primary mechanism for redistribution that gives rise to political trust is institutional performance， followed by welfare preference. Therefore， promoting common prosperity through the welfare system depends on the optimal design of the welfare system and the effective governance of the redistribution process.
2022 Vol. 61 (3): 66-79 [
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Dependence on Paths， Displacement of Goals and Involution of the Mass Organization Reform——The Women’s Federation Reform of A Municipality as an Example
Yang Ke Tang Wenyu
Due to the profound impact of history， the mass organization reform in contemporary China is particular and complicated. Based on a case study of the Women’s Federation in A Municipality， it is found that there is an involution phenomenon that deserves attention in the reform of mass organizations. Underlying this involution phenomenon， there exists the tension between the power of de-bureaucratization reform and the inertia of bureaucratic operation， as well as the game between the strategic deployment of the decision makers and the action strategy of the executors. The involution emerges from the fact that the inertial force of “dependence on paths” in the operation of the bureaucracy has an advantage， and the “displacement of goals” strategy of the executors seeking to maximize self-interest within the existing bureaucratic system is naturally in an advantageous position in the game. To overcome the dilemma of involution in the reform of mass organizations， it is necessary to require the mass organizations to join other governance bodies to form a joint force based on the logic of exploration of new paths， to creatively utilize and organically integrate new resource advantages， and to take strategic actions such as alliance， learning and experiment， in hope of leading to a substantive development of reform through gradual and cumulative changes.
2022 Vol. 61 (3): 80-88 [
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A Theoretical Framework of the Discourse System of National Economics with Chinese Characteristics
Zhao Deqi Ding Yiwen
China’s economic and social development has entered into a new historical stage. It is high time to construct the discourse system of philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics. Political economics is one of the disciplines with the most Chinese characteristics， and constructing a discourse system of national economics with Chinese characteristics is an objective requirement and an inevitable choice for China’s economic and social development. The general theoretical framework of the discourse system of national economics with Chinese characteristics takes historical and dialectical materialism as its fundamental methods， focusing on the three major issues， namely， the economic development， the centrality of the people and state functions. Its core concept is the state， the people and the economy， among which the people-centered concept is the fundamental principle. The relations between the economy and the state， between the state and the people and between the economy and the people are its basic relations. The fundamental logic of the discourse system is how the state promotes the economic development centered upon people， which includes the logic of the country， the logic of the people and the logic of development. Furthermore， the main realization forms of the discourse system of national economy with Chinese characteristics are the national economy and social development strategy，and planning and policy system. The modernization of governance system and governance capability is the basic guarantee of the realization forms. In a word， this paper focuses on the basic problems of the discourse system， with an attempt to construct a general theoretical framework of the discursive system of national economics with Chinese characteristics， which includes the core concepts， basic relations， basic principles， operation paths， basic logic， realization forms， basic supporting elements and their internal mechanisms， all of which present the Chinese characteristics of this discourse system.
2022 Vol. 61 (3): 89-107 [
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108
Cross-Cyclical Regulation Mechanism for Agriculture： The Essence， Key Tasks and Strategic Choices
Yang Jiudong Guo Yunyun
The agricultural cross-cyclical regulation is a regulatory mechanism that conducts robust， scientific and moderate interventions for the general， public and long-term agricultural economic activities. The state establishes this regulation from the macro perspective of medium and long-term agricultural development， based upon careful evaluations of the rationality and abnormality of fluctuations in agricultural economic cycles. The goal of regulation is to overcome the cyclical fluctuations of the agricultural economy itself and avoid it from triggering “extraordinary” chain reactions and systemic risks in the national economy. Through the use of multiple complementary policy tools such as finance， currency， and exchange rate， and comprehensive use of administrative， legal， market and other means， a governance structure and work operation system covering forecasting， early warning， evaluation， supervision， and responsibility have been established. The key areas of agricultural cross-cyclical regulation include ensuring the effective supply of grain and important agricultural products， stabilizing the price and market order of agricultural products， unblocking the production and marketing channels of agricultural products， promoting the stable development of agricultural and rural investment and financing， maintaining the stable growth of farmers’ employment and income， and balancing the relationship between stable growth and risk prevention. It is advisable to promote the path optimization of China’s agricultural cross-cyclical regulation mechanism from the aspects of coordinating the authority of top-level design with the flexibility of market regulation， correctly giving full play to the role of government and market， promoting the construction of laws， coordinating the domestic large cycle with a high-level opening to the outside world.
2022 Vol. 61 (3): 108-115 [
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436
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116
By the Steel Needle of History： The March 18th， Wen Yiduo and the Establishment of Supplement of the Morning Post
Jiang Tao
Supplement of the Morning Post was started on April 1， 1926. In the narrative of the history of the new poetry， its main value has been the experiment on the poetic meter and syllables， which seems to be a common sense that has been “secured with a lock.” The birth of Supplement of the Morning Post happened after the March 18 Massacre， and the inaugural issue also focused on the poems written by Wen Yiduo， Rao Mengkan and others in response to the massacre. According to Wen Yiduo， the establishment of Supplement after the “blooding at Iron Lion Hutong” is not only a “coincidence”， but also has an intrinsic relevance in poetics. Returning to the historical context， and sorting out the political participation， poetic thinking and special poetic practice of Wen Yiduo and others before and after the March 18 Massacre can more completely present the significance of the “creative style” of the new poetry published in Supplement. This practice can also reveal the potential impact of the dramatic historical changes in the mid-1920s on the concept and feeling of new poetry.
2022 Vol. 61 (3): 116-125 [
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597
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126
The Smelting of the Individual and the Flesh of History——Niu Han’s Poetic Concept， Practice and Significance
Zhang Jieyu
Niu Han insisted on the poetic concept of attaching equal importance to realism and lyric technique， and highly combining personal experience with the history of the times. From the 1940s to the 1970s， his original intention in poetics and writing practice did not change， but was deepened and advanced， reflecting a special understanding of the relationship between “man， poetry and history”. He practiced his poetic concept as a special way to realize deep comprehension of history through a fighting-for-life writing. His later “situational poems” and the life images in them fully embody his writing style of “breaking into” the world and reality with subjective emotion. These poems endow history with flesh and blood by personal experience， and to a certain extent realize the poetic ideal of integrating the individual and history.
2022 Vol. 61 (3): 126-134 [
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397
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135
The Original “Primitive Blood Poems”： The Literary History Orientation of Hai Zi’s Metapoetry Writing
Yang Siping
In his brief life， Hai Zi wrote a large number of short and long poems， which not only are infused with primitive blood， but also have intertextual relations. It is even believed that his short poems have laid the groundwork and preparation for his long poems. The sun， life and death， distance， love， sisters， and hometown constitute the core images and consistent themes of Hai Zi’s poems. Regardless of topics， themes or motifs， Hai Zi’s poems always have a tendency to name， reinterpret， restore， trace and recreate. Hai Zi’s poems rely heavily on metaphor， paradox and “foreign intertextuality”. The “Primitive Blood Poems” obsessively created by Hai Zi in pursuit of truth are his “Poems of Destiny” and poems of truth. The topics and themes involved in Hai Zi’s poems are his metapoetry writing exploration of life and survival， truth and reality through various artistic methods such as reduction， metaphor， paradox and intertextuality.
2022 Vol. 61 (3): 135-144 [
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145
The Construction of an Analytical Framework for Metaphorical Discourse Analysis at Different Levels
Liao Meizhen
Grounded on metaphorical conceptualization of human thinking and action and system theory， this paper divides discourse into metaphorical discourse and non-metaphorical discourse. In view of the different functions and modes of action of metaphors in discourse， metaphors are divided into “discourse metaphors” and “modified metaphors”.Discourse analysis is divided into two dimensions： the macro dimension and the micro dimension. By means of the classification， this paper constructs an analytical framework of metaphorical discourse analysis， and illustrates it with authentic examples of metaphors， aiming to promote the study of metaphorical discourse functions.
2022 Vol. 61 (3): 145-154 [
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155
Research on the Measurement and Developmental Characteristics of College Students’ Innovative and Entrepreneurial Abilities in China
Wang Hongcai Zheng Yaqian
College students’ innovative and entrepreneurial abilities are the core index to evaluate the quality of innovation and entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities. Establishing a scientific measurement scale for college students’ capabilities of innovation and entrepreneurship is the key to promoting the in-depth development of innovation and entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities. Based on self-development theory， our research team has created a structural model of college students’ innovative and entrepreneurial abilities with action characteristics. The model is supported by the adaptability of data. “The Measurement Scale for College Students’ Innovative and Entrepreneurial Abilities” based on the model has good reliability and validity. Through the data survey， it is found that the development of college students’ innovative and entrepreneurial abilities in China is generally in the middle level. Students lack the opportunity sensitivity and decision-making capability. In terms of the capacity development of different groups， men are higher than women， and students of science and engineering are higher than students of humanities and social sciences， academically successful students are higher than students with poor academic performance. In addition， three major findings of this research are valuable to be introduced. First， the level of universities does not have an obvious effect on the capability development. Second， the time of participating in students’ clubs and associations has a marginal effect on the capability development. Third， the capability development is not positively correlated to the promotion of students’ grades. The findings enlighten us that we should pay attention to the differences in discipline and gender when it comes to the development of college students’ innovative and entrepreneurial abilities. We should also pay special attention to the value-added effect of students’ experience in clubs and associations， and the functional mechanism of school types and grades on students’ innovative and entrepreneurial abilities.
2022 Vol. 61 (3): 155-165 [
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625
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166
Networking Strategy and Social Reproduction in Education——An Ethnographic Study of the Parents’ Participation in a Rural County
Xie Ailei
A collaborative and close partnership between families and schools is often seen by researchers and policy makers as a positive policy tool to improve students’ academic performance. However， the literature suggests that parents， especially those from rural areas， are less likely to participate in schools. Based on a long-term ethnographic study， this work describes the strategy of “networking” employed by rural parents in school participation. It points out that， since the formal school system and organizational relationship are always embedded in a wider network of social relationships， the impersonal bureaucracy is easy to be changed by those interpersonal efforts， under the condition that the organizational relationship supported by the system itself is structurally weak. Since the strategy of networking requires sustained investment， it results in a lack of motivation for the average rural household to keep in touch with teachers due to lack of market power or rational calculation， which plays an important role in social reproduction. Therefore， it is of theoretical and practical significance to start from the local reality of China， try to break through the dichotonmy of “strong networks” and “weak networks” that are often used in existing research in terms of conceptualization， emphasize the social constructive nature of networks themselves， and analyze their possible effects on social reproduction.
2022 Vol. 61 (3): 166-176 [
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472
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177
How Can the “Urban Education Dream” of Migrant Children be Possible？ ——A Study on the Influence of Educational Policies on the Educational Expectation of Migrant Children
Hou Yuna
Based on the baseline data of China Education Panel Survey (CEPS) 2013－2014， this paper analyzes the relationship between the school education policies in the city and the long-term educational ideals and short-term educational expectations of migrant workers’ children. It is found that the first-generation migrant children have higher long-term educational expectations， compared with the second-generation migrant children. But there is no significant difference in their short-term aspirations. The requirements for school entrance stimulate the migrant children’s educational expectations， but they have a negative impact on children who have migrated in preschool stage； school subsidies have no positive effect on migrant children’s educational expectations； loose entrance policies have a positive effect on migrant children’s long-term educational ideals and short-term willingness to enter senior high school. However， only loosening restrictions to the vocational and technical senior high schools cannot have an incentive effect on the educational expectations of migrant children. This study suggests that we give full play to the incentive effect of the entrance requirements， enhance the effectiveness of school subsidies， and make vocational education an “overpass” for migrant children’s success after the compulsory education， so as to stimulate migrant children’s urban educational dreams and promote their educational and social mobility.
2022 Vol. 61 (3): 177-188 [
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