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2022 Vol. 61, No. 6
Published: 2022-11-27
1
The Historical Connotation and RealisticSignificance of the “Five Paths We Must Take”
Li Jie
Standing at the crossroad of the new era and the century-old history of the Communist Party of China， General Secretary Xi Jinping summarizes the critical understanding of the law obtained by the Party in its long-term practice： upholding the Party’s overall leadership is the path we must take to uphold and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics； building socialism with Chinese characteristics is the path we must take to realize the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation； striving in unity is the path the Chinese people must take to create historic achievements； implementing the new development philosophy is the path China must take to grow stronger in the new era； and exercising full and rigorous self-governance is the path the Party must take to maintain its vigor and pass new tests on the road ahead. From the two dimensions of the history of the Party and the mission of the Party in the new era， this work investigates and elucidates the historical connotation and realistic significance of the “five paths we must take”.
2022 Vol. 61 (6): 1-9 [
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415
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The Intrinsic Characters of the CPC’s Original Theory in the New Era
Liu Congde
Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for the New Era presents the distinct theoretical characteristics and theoretical character of Marxism， which are reflected through the “five unities”. Firstly， the founding process， the system of its content， and the practical， critical and fighting nature as the Marxism of the twenty-first century reflects the high degree of scientific and revolutionary unity. Secondly， Xin Jinping Thought inherits both the basic principles of Marxism and the fine traditional Chinese culture， and meanwhile， it is innovative both in theory and practice， according to the temporal background of the New Era. It is the dialectical unity of inheritance and innovation. Thirdly， it deeply grasps the projects of the times， analyzing the past， present， and future as a changing and developing whole， and making reasonable predictions for the future. It is an effective connection of history and the times. Fourthly， it looks inwards into the economy and people’s livelihood in China， and also outwards to the major issues concerning the future and destiny of mankind. In this sense， it is the deep integration of the nation and the world. Fifthly， it achieves the organic unity of regularity and purpose， because it constantly deepens the understanding of the “three laws”， sets scientific goals both for the ultimate future and the present.
2022 Vol. 61 (6): 10-17 [
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18
Farmers’ Perception of Election and Its Typological Characteristics——Evidence Based on 7 Waves of Survey Data from40 Villages in Jiangxi Province(1999—2018)
Xiao Tangbiao Yu Hongbo
Using the data from 7 waves of tracking survey which has lasted for 20 years， we systematically analyze farmers’ perception of election according to a five-dimensional framework which consists of perception of election， voting preference， functional evaluation， awareness of rules， and value support. We discover that farmers have a strong awareness of their rights to election and a full perception of the election procedures which is family-oriented. They have a tendency to vote for “a virtuous person.” They evaluate positively on the function of election， and show a significant increase in the awareness of election rules. Value support， on the other hand， shows a decreasing structure with the increase in rank， but the overall support is gradually increasing. In terms of the topology of villagers’ election culture， the proportion of respondents with a detached election culture has declined significantly， and its once-dominant position has given way to respondents with a passive election culture. The respondents with the most civic-natured electoral culture are slowly growing up to 20%. These findings can help to clearly understand the real situation and challenges of the grassroots elections and governance， deepen and expand the systematic study of elections， political culture， and grassroots governance， and develop a theory of election culture based on China’s national conditions.
2022 Vol. 61 (6): 18-28 [
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425
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Villager Council Representative System： The Rural Practice of People’s Democracy in the Whole Process and Its Realization Mechanism——Taking the Villager Council of GL District of H Village in Jiangxi as an Example
Hu Pingjiang
In the practice of rural revitalization， the villager council representative system is a substantial approach organized by the grassroots government with farmers as the participants. According to the case of H village in Jiangxi， this research finds that：in the whole process of “authorization and entrustment—benefit realization—effective supervision”，the villager council representative system takes public opinion as the criterion， aims at the overall development and effective governance of the village， and reflects its democratic coherence. The connection of power and responsibility， the practice for the common interests and the constraints of multi-level subjects， reflect the true representation of the villager council representative system. Therefore， the essence of the villager council representative system is the process of expressing， consulting， decision making and implementing based on the common interests of the villagers. It is the practice of people’s whole-process democracy. The implementation of the villager council representative system rests on the effective use of the informal system， the effective decentralization under the leadership of the Party organization， and the continuous and effective negotiation.
2022 Vol. 61 (6): 29-37 [
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357
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38
Fundamental Issues in the Study of Industrial Culture
Peng Nansheng
This paper discusses some of the fundamental issues in the study of industrial culture. In the broad sense， industrial culture refers to the collection of all material and spiritual products created by people in the process of industrial production， while in the narrow sense， industrial culture only refers to the sum of consciousness， ideas， systems and even habits generated and accumulated by people in industrial production activities. Appropriate stratification and classification are helpful for the in-depth study of industrial culture. In terms of form and function， industrial culture can be classified into four levels， which are utensils， technology， system and spirit， while in terms of field and scope， it can be classified into industrial culture of business， region and corporate. The stratification and classification of industrial culture are relative， and there is no solidified boundary between them. Instead， they permeate and integrate with and mutually promote each other. In the research work， we should not only start with a refined exploration of stratification and classification， but also focus on a holistic view of culture. Industrial culture， arising with the emergence of industry， will inevitably develop with its development， and in turn play an important role in industrial activities. The development history of human industrial culture shows that its development has been systematic， gradual， temporal and regional， and the development from traditional to modern industrial culture is a historic leap.
2022 Vol. 61 (6): 38-48 [
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49
The Theoretical Basis of Industrial Culture：An Analysis of the History of Economics
Yan Peng
Industrial culture has attracted extensive attention due to the policies carried out by China’s Ministry of Industry and Information Technology in recent years， but the related academic and theoretical research is insufficient. This new concept urgently demands a theoretical foundation. After the Second World War， the discussion on the crisis of economics detaching itself from reality in the academic circles of the developed countries has aroused theoretical concern about industrial culture issues. By tracing the history of economics， we can find the source of ideas， concepts and propositions of industrial culture studies from the German historical school in the 19th century， and the interdisciplinary methodological propositions of the German historical school also match the interdisciplinary attributes of industrial culture. Modern evolutionary economics inherits and develops the ideas and methods of the German historical school. The characteristics of innovation sector preference revealed by modern evolutionary economics demonstrate the rationality of industrial culture. The theory of National Systems of Innovation constructed by modern evolutionary economics provides a theoretical basis for industrial culture policy. Therefore， evolutionary economics can serve as the theoretical basis of industrial culture and promote the academic and theoretical study of industrial culture.
2022 Vol. 61 (6): 49-60 [
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342
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61
New Policies of the 14th Five-Year Plan and Fiscal Burden of the Basic Endowment Insurance for Urban and Rural Residents
Yang Zaigui Xu Ding
According to the fourteenth Five-Year Plan and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035， the basic endowment insurance for urban and rural residents will adjust the level of individual payment and the payment subsidy standard， gradually increase the minimum payment period， and standardize the method of calculating interest of individual accounts. We construct actuarial models to calculate the fiscal burden of the basic endowment insurance in each year from 2021 to 2035， and examine the impacts of the new policies in the fourteenth Five-Year Plan and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035 on the fiscal burden. We find that the cumulative increase of the policy parameters mentioned above will increase the fiscal burden， but the impact is weak. Sensitivity test results remain stable. Raising the age for receiving pensions and the number of months of pension calculation and disbursement in individual accounts will reduce the financial burden， while increasing the payment continuity rate and the growth rate of basic pensions will increase the financial burden. The age for receiving pensions and the rate of payment continuity have a strong influence， while the influence of the basic pension growth rate and the number of months of pension calculation and payment in individual accounts is weak. Based on the research results， we propose the respective policy suggestions to improve the endowment insurance system.
2022 Vol. 61 (6): 61-71 [
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72
How does the Central General Transfer Payment Affect the Fiscal Expenditure Structure？——An Analysis Based on the Local Soft Budget Constraint
Zhang Qichun Miao Zihao
What impact will the central general transfer payment have on the local fiscal behavior？ Through the construction of a theoretical framework which includes such fundamental elements as soft budget constraint， incentive mechanism and fiscal competition， this paper analyzes the specific mechanism of the ways in which central general transfer payment affects local fiscal behavior， and conducts an empirical test. The test results show that： (1) the central general transfer payment will give rise to the local soft budget constraint behavior and produce competitive effect on soft budget constraint at local fiscal level， in order to obtain more general transfer payment； (2) affected by strong economic incentives， local governments tend to compete for the incremental amount of general transfer payments in the field of production and construction expenditures. Compared with the economically developed regions， the underdeveloped regions that actually obtain more incremental amount of general transfer payments are more likely to encounter the problem of biased allocation of the incremental amount of general transfer payments. The research results reveal that the high scale of central general transfer payments at the present stage is the “forced reversal” resulted from the soft constraint behavior of local budgets， and there is a lack of standardized incentive for the implementation of transfer payments. The expanded scale of general transfer payments cannot significantly improve the level of local public welfare expenditures.
2022 Vol. 61 (6): 72-86 [
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Public Sector Employment Expansion， Wage Rigidity Transmission and Its Impact on the Private Sector
Ding Shouhai Zhang He
Public sector employment has been expanding in recent years， and the trend of human resources concentration in the public sector has become more and more obvious. Theoretical analysis shows that the higher the share of public sector employment increases， the more likely the private sector wage bill will be crowded out when social output falls， and the equilibrium wage will be more likely to reach the institutional constraints and thus generate greater rigidity. Wage rigidity in the private sector can weaken the function of price regulation and increase economic volatility. In order to coordinate the employment relationship between the public and private sectors， we should focus on improving the quality of employment in the private sector. To achieve this， we need to strengthen the foundation of the development of the private economy， insist on anti-monopoly， oppose the disorderly expansion of capital， and improve the developmental environment of the private economy. At the same time， we should accelerate the reform of public sector employment mechanism， especially the reform of the mechanism of recruiting labor， by introducing competition mechanism as well as curbing the unreasonable wage increase.
2022 Vol. 61 (6): 87-100 [
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101
The Tranquility of Taoism and Its Role in Self-Cultivation and Governing the Country
Shen Wenhua
Tranquility and inaction are the tenets of Taoism. Based on “Tranquility is the right way of the world” in Tao Te Jing， and “If man could always be pure and still， heaven and earth would both revert (to non-existence) ” in Qingjing Jing， this paper expounds the tranquility of Taoism and its role in self-cultivation and governing the country. Tranquility is the nature of Tao and everything in the universe， abiding by which everything can rectify itself. Tranquility is the innate tendency of things that generates the power to put them in order and make them return to their original paths. Taoists believe that the body， the country and the world are of the same origin and structure. For both self-cultivation and state governance， tranquility can give rise to insights and practical application. It has sufficient endogenous power to enable everything to maintain its nature and follow the nature， so that each develops its own advantages depending on its own environment. It can promote harmonious autonomy and self-care through spontaneous internal organization and coordination， from “governing something but not everything” to “governing everything without governing it”.
2022 Vol. 61 (6): 101-108 [
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A New Discussion on the Time and Place of Li Rong’s Writing of the Laozi Commentary
Gai Jianmin Zhang Kezheng
Li Rong was a master of the School of Double Mystery as famed as Cheng Xuanying in the early Tang Dynasty. His major work is a compilation of commentary on the Taoist book Tao Te Ching， called the Laozi Commentary. The exact time and place of Li Rong’s writing has not been verified， and the conclusion reached by a few scholars that has been carefully elaborated is debatable. According to the historical facts that Li Rong was a Taoist monk at Dongming Taoist Temple， and that the relevant contents of the “Preface” of Li Rong’s Laozi Commentary have not been thoroughly studied by the existing scholarship， this article shows that Li Rong’s Laozi Commentary should be written after the August of the fifth year of Xianqing reign when he was “ordered to return to Zizhou”， and before the first half of the third year of Longshuo reign when he had visited the capital for the second time. According to historical records， there were many Taoist temples named as Yuantian and Xuantian in the Shu area in history. After the fifth year of Dazhong Xiangfu reign in the Northern Song Dynasty， in order to avoid using the name of Zhao Xuanlang， the emperor Shengzu of Song Dynasty， “Yuan” is often used to replace “Xuan”. According to the analysis of the naming taboo of using any characters of emporors’ names， the original name of the Taoist Temple where Li Rong wrote the Laozi Commentary should be Yuantian Taoist Temple. Due to a lack of historical materials， the specific location and the construction age of this Taoist temple cannot be specified.
2022 Vol. 61 (6): 109-117 [
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118
On Marx’s Sublation of Francis Bacon’s Philosophy and Its Contemporary Value
Yang Lizhen
In the eve of the English bourgeois revolution of 17th century， Francis Bacon first pioneered a materialist philosophy on scientific experiments. The new philosophy provided advanced ideological weapons to promote the development of English capitalism and human history. Marx gave the first scientific evaluation and systematical sublation of Bacon’s philosophy in history，and further advanced Bacon’s philosophy of modern experimental materialism to a new stage—the stage of modern practical materialism. At present， human history has entered the digital era and the era of scientific and technological innovation. The advanced idea that the achievements of the emerging natural science and materialist philosophy should be closely integrated with human life and production， which was proposed by Bacon and sublated by Marx， is still not old-fashioned，and will play a more active leading role in the future.
2022 Vol. 61 (6): 118-126 [
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127
The Descension of Poetry and the De-Territorialization of Poets——Revisiting Guo Moruo’s Contemporary Poetry
Xu Gang
The issue of evaluating Guo Moruo’s “cognitive device” has been the main reason for the negative evaluation of Guo Moruo’s contemporary poetry. In order to understand Guo Moruo’s contemporary poetry in a more objective and scientific way， we should first abandon the prevalent research framework and introduce his contemporary poetic view of “understanding sympathy”. In this sense， the descension of poetry and the tendency of poets’ de-territorialization embodied in Guo Moruo’s contemporary poetry deserve our attention， which constitute the basic methods and principles of literary practice in the era of the “new people’s literature and art”. Although this method and principle disappeared with the rearrival of the literary aesthetic era， revisiting the historical context and understanding Guo Moruo’s poetry with the perspective of contemporary literature are also of great benefit to understanding history and reality and developing the Guo Moruo studies.
2022 Vol. 61 (6): 127-134 [
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521
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135
The Theoretical Influence of Cambridge Practical Criticism on Poets of Southwest Associated University
Xiao Liu
In the 1930s and 1940s， the representative figures of Cambridge practical criticism I. A. Richards and William Empson came to China to teach successively， and their poetics gave new enlightenment to Chinese poets. Richards and Empson applied the methodology of semantic analysis to the practice of criticism of poetry. On this basis， they put forward the “ambiguity” poetics， studying poetry on itself from the semantic perspective. They believed that the essence of poetry was the polysemy of language， which was closely related to the complex psychology of poets. They also explored the relationship between poetry and experience， that is， how poets should use “synaesthesis” to achieve a balance between complex and conflicting experiences， and thus inspire readers. This was their value pursuit of modern poetry. During the Counter-Japanese War， the poets of Southwest Associated University absorbed and developed some viewpoints of Cambridge practical criticism in combination with the contemporary situation of Chinese poetry， which opened up new theoretical space for the poetic world in the 1940s.
2022 Vol. 61 (6): 135-143 [
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144
On the Education Policies for Migrant Children under the Perspective of Equity
Lei Wanpeng Zhang Zihan
With the development of urbanization and a large-scale population flow， how to effectively promote the citizenship of migrant workers has become an important strategic issue in the development of China’s modernization. In the process of urban-rural integration， solving the education problem of migrant workers’ children has become an important driving force to make migrant workers live and work happily and accelerate their transformation into urban citizens. In the past two decades， China has achieved remarkable results in the development of education for migrant children. The main problem of education for migrant children has shifted from “going to school” to “going to a good school”. However， from the perspective of educational equity， the education for migrant children still needs to be improved in terms of fairness in the starting point， process and result， and the policies aimed at promoting the development of education for migrant children need to keep pace with the times. How to further play the leading role of the government， to clarify the power and responsibility relationship between the central and local governments， to further manifest the education rights of migrant children， and to further explore the decision-making mechanism of education for migrant families are issues that need urgent attention in the formulation and implementation of education policies for migrant children.
2022 Vol. 61 (6): 144-153 [
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154
Constructing Comparative Education with Chinese Characteristics：Motivation， Logic and Path
Wang Jianliang Yang Yang
Constructing comparative education with Chinese characteristics is an important task and mission that scholars of comparative education in China should undertake at present and in the future. Its driving forces includes： the cultural attributes of comparative education， the development demand of modern society， the proposal and development of the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics， and the emergence of crisis psychology within scholars of comparative education in China. To further promote the construction of comparative education with Chinese characteristics，it is necessary to clarify the inherent philosophical logic， cultural logic， practical logic and value logic of disciplinary construction， and also to clarify the path of the construction of comparative education with Chinese characteristics in the longitudinal time series， so as to promote the high-quality development of comparative education in China.
2022 Vol. 61 (6): 154-161 [
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162
Replacing BT with VAT， Mobility of Students and Balanced Development of Elementary Education
Chen Jianwei Su Lifeng
By virtue of the Reform of “Replacing BT with VAT” since 2012， this paper evaluates the impact of the centralization of the fiscal system on the students’ mobility in elementary education， as well as on the equilibrium of educational resource allocation. The regression results based on the difference-in-differences research design show that the “VAT reform” policy has increased the share of students in cities by an average of 1.171 percentage points under the conditions of controlling the city’s population ratio， and the policy also has increased the relative average student size in the urban area， while the relative student-teacher ratio was not significantly affected by the policy. These results may suggest that the policy reform has impacted considerably the existing development path of balanced allocation of basic education resources， causing a disproportionate flow of students into urban areas. Differences in local fiscal self-balance capacity， along with differences in economic development level， and the degree of the amalgamation of primary and secondary schools in the early stage help to explain the heterogeneity of policy effects. Mechanism analysis shows that the reform is unlikely to affect the allocation of educational resources and the mobility of students through the channel of supply capacity of government， but more likely to accelerate the flow of county population to cities and drive the concentration of the demand for elementary education to cities through the education demand transfer mechanism. In the future， it is necessary to conform to the trend of employment population flow by improving the ability of small and medium-sized cities to absorb the inflow of education population， and at the same time strengthen the balance of educational resource allocation between urban and non-urban areas within the cities.
2022 Vol. 61 (6): 162-174 [
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175
A Historical Review and Evaluation of the Student Financial Aid System in the Early Years of the People’s Republic of China
Wang Haifeng
In the seventeen years since the founding of the People’s Republic of China， the government began to explore a student financial aid system in line with the contemporary conditions， and formed various types of aids such as the student supply system， the people’s student aid system， the tuition and miscellaneous fee reduction and exemption system， and the public fee system for international students. Under the guidance of the socialist education policy， the student financial aid system presented the following characteristics of the times： the popularization of subsidized objects—open to the workers， farmers， and the mass laborers； the breadth of funding—covering all types of schools； the whole process of funding duration—throughout all levels of formal education. At that time， the implementation of the student financial aid system not only reduced the illiteracy rate among the workers and farmers， but also promoted the overall development of the national education. However， given the limitations of the times， the right of some children from the “bourgeoisie” class to receive financial assistance was restricted.
2022 Vol. 61 (6): 175-182 [
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