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2023 Vol. 62, No. 4
Published: 2023-07-27
1
The Construction of an Independent Knowledge System for the New Liberal Arts
Gao Lihong
The overlap between the fate of knowledge in the new wave of science and technology and China's unique socio-historical practices is the contemporary context for constructing an independent knowledge system for the new liberal arts. The new liberal arts refers to the humanities and social sciences that apply cross-cutting approaches to scholarship in response to new issues. The independent knowledge system of new liberal arts is comprehensive， structured and simplified. Comprehension means that the system encompasses all the knowledge of the new liberal arts and makes allowance for knowledge innovation. Its internal structure should be based on the disciplinary structure formed since the modern era and continuously develop new disciplines. Simplification means condensing complex information into simple concepts that can guide the complex ones in order to form effective theories. The knowledge system of new liberal arts takes the upholding of human dignity as its principle， the building of a community of shared future for all humankind as its guideline， and the construction of a community of life as its mission， transforming the existing disciplinary paradigms and promoting the production of new knowledge in both temporal and spatial dimensions.
2023 Vol. 62 (4): 1-11 [
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339
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12
Rational Reflection on the Construction of Academic Discourse in Contemporary China and Its Future Path
Yin Zhanwen
As far as attributes and functions are concerned，the independent academic discourse of China that is based on the people is in demand to express Chinese practice. However， due to some existing problems in contemporary China，such as the dependence of academic development upon the Western world， the structural difference in power between the Western academia and ours， the comparative disadvantage of the quality and the relative inadequacy of discourse， China's academic expression is still in the discursive predicament of “not being able to communicate effectively or to be understood widely”. In view of this， the fundamental approach to the construction of academic discourse in contemporary China lies in the construction of an independent academic discourse system. Therefore， while implementing the systematic project of philosophy and social sciences，we should raise the scholars' awareness of mission， methodology and thesis，take “Chinese modernization” as an identifying concept and the construction of China's independent modern knowledge system as an opportunity to accelerate the innovation of academic discourse.
2023 Vol. 62 (4): 12-21 [
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325
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43
Discovering “Qualities” in Field Work： A Return to the Methodology of Knowing Process
Luo Yinan
In field work， it is difficult for positivist thinking to see two genuine knowing processes. First of all， narratives about field facts are not just an accumulation of objective experience； it is what makes an empirical phenomenon a fact that needs to be analyzed. The researcher is driven by a sense of misfit between the field experience and the original factual understanding to find new theoretical premises to reconstruct the factual qualities of the field. Second， theories are not merely objective attributes generalized from field material. The methodology of “returning to the knowing” can only be understood and expressed in the context of practical research.
2023 Vol. 62 (4): 43-52 [
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53
“Discourse-Analysis” as a New Approach to Empirical Research： A Phenomenological Analysis of the Conceptualization of Field Politics
Wang Xiangmin
In recent years， many concepts have been systematically established in China's political science， among which field politics is of great importance. Xu Yong has established concepts such as “human rights by virtue of ancestry，” “household system，” and “relationship superimposition.” The vitality and value of field politics lies in the rediscovery of Chinese discourse in field experience， and the refinement and transformation of the indigenous and local Chinese discourse into the academic concept of China's political science. This article aims to explore the conceptualization of field politics from the perspective of phenomenological “discourse-analysis” as a social science epistemology， arguing that the concepts of “human rights by virtue of ancestry，” “household system，” and “relationship superimposition” are selected from everyday life language， and that incorporating these discourses/concepts into different contexts will result in richer conceptual meanings， while the conceptual type and dialectical use of causal appropriateness and meaning appropriateness will enhance their explanatory capacity. Breaking the shackles of existing theories， returning to empirical reality itself， challenging common sense and changing the way of questioning will promote issue-oriented interdisciplinary or even de-disciplinization research in China's political science， and produce a richer localized political knowledge system of China.
2023 Vol. 62 (4): 53-63 [
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64
Chinese Modernization and the Paradigm Consciousness of Field Politics
Chen Junya
As an institutionalized discipline， China's political science has been of practical application since its birth. It bases itself on practical needs and aims to solve practical problems. With the innovation in the practice of Chinese modernization， the paradigm transformation of “independent research” has gradually emerged in the dilemma between “practical needs and theoretical supply”. Field politics is the embodiment of this transformation， which forms an autonomous research path in the practice of Chinese agricultural and rural modernization， acquiring methodological self-consciousness in the theoretical failures encountered in the rural political research， and forming the conceptual consciousness in its practice expression.
2023 Vol. 62 (4): 64-70 [
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71
The Construction of World-Class Universities in China and the Efficiency of Education Funding Allocation——An Empirical Study Based on the Double-Difference Model
Xu Xiaomin Wang Jin
Based on the efficiency measured by the super-efficiency SBM， a DID model is set up to explore the impact of the construction of world-class universities on the funding allocation efficiency of selected universities. The results show that the construction policy significantly improves the funding allocation efficiency of the selected universities， the funding source structure and funding allocation efficiency present a significant inverted U-shape structure， the relationship between the structure of funding expenditures and the funding allocation efficiency shows a positive U-shape， and the scale of higher education and the structure of the faculty play a limited negative influence on the funding allocation efficiency. The PSM-DID test， the replacement of the explanatory variable measure and the reduced-tail test increase the impacts of the policy， and the efficiency is improved more prominently. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the efficiency of funding allocation of universities in the central region and those located in the effective frontier is more affected by the policy. Perfecting multiple financing mechanism， giving play to the role of universities in demonstration and leading， and promoting the internal development of universities can further improve the allocation efficiency of education funding for China's world-class universities.
2023 Vol. 62 (4): 71-80 [
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332
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81
Research on Commercial Medical Insurance Payouts Prediction Based on Machine Learning Methods——Introducing a New Perspective on Health Behavior Preferences
Liu Ying Suo Lingyan
As people's health awareness continues to grow， the demand for medical insurance is characterized by diversification. To further promote the healthy and sustainable development of commercial medical insurance， it is necessary to study the accurate prediction of commercial medical insurance payouts. Based on empirical data including individual behavioral preferences， innovative predictive machine learning models for commercial medical insurance are constructed and compared to analyze the important factors associated with the risk of medical insurance payouts. It is found that behavioral factors such as individual's attention to health information are highly correlated with claim risk， which can provide a good complement to traditional factors of claim for empirical analysis such as age， gender， education level， marital status， and region. Age is the most associated with claim risk， and the times of claims is the most associated with claim amount， which are much more influential than other factors. When someone claims insurance for five times or more， the predicted average medical claims per case presents a dispersed distribution. Claims are more likely to occur when the insured is a woman or has a lower level of education. The disease burden is characterized by regional imbalance. Accordingly， recommendations are proposed to improve the risk management of commercial medical insurance.
2023 Vol. 62 (4): 81-93 [
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94
How Are Concepts Described and Structured？——A Decompositional Interpretation of the Meta-Concept of Chinese Children's Literature
Wu Xiangyu
There are two ways of defining the meta-concept of Chinese children's literature： “descriptive” and “structural”， which give rise to different connotations. The meta-concept of Chinese children's literature can be broken down into three keywords： “Chinese”， “children” and “literature”， but the grammatical relationship between them is not a mechanic superimposition of semantics， but a dynamic structural process with “literature” as the core and “children” as the manifestation in the context of modern China. In the structural system of Chinese children's literature， “children” is of modern concept and knowledge， and both of its “discovery” and “invention” embody the reconstruction of modern knowledge， which also defines the nature of Chinese children's literature. Children's literature is the “literature” of “children”， based on the embedding of the premised meaning of “children”， which makes it a “new literature” genre in modern China. Situating children's literature in the Chinese context means that while historicizing children's literature， it also problematizes and restructures “China”， thus demonstrating the logic of subjectivity in exploring “children as children” and “literature as literature” in the local context of China.
2023 Vol. 62 (4): 94-102 [
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328
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103
The “Classicalization” of the New Literature——Shen Ziman and the Nanjing Literary World of the 1930s
Fu Danning
Under the pen name “Ziman”， Shen Zufen wrote a large number of new literature in the 1930s， which strongly showed the feature of “classicalization”， a common feature among the new literary writers in Nanjing during this period. In terms of literary conception，“classicalization” meant that new literature was transformed into the field of self-regulation， and thus separated itself from the political dimension in the period of literary revolution. In terms of writing skills， “classicalization” took imitation as the basic and primary technique. In terms of style and genre， “classicalization” manifested itself in a mixture of old and new styles and diction. “Classicization” was significantly different from the imaginings of literary politics， originality， and austere style of literature during the literary revolution period. However， it became a widespread trend of the new literature of the 1930s， and deeply influenced the practice of new literature thereafter.
2023 Vol. 62 (4): 103-112 [
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113
The Audience's Attentional Activity and the Generation of Spatiality of Film
Xie Shisi
Film is a “focused image”. On the one hand， film creates a sense of space by constructing a dynamic system of perceptual focus with the image； on the other hand， the audience's attentional activity determines the final generation of the spatiality of the film. The spatiality of a single image arises from the choice of the visual center in terms of the field of view， camera perspective and depth of focus， as well as the audience's focus on the central viewpoint. The sense of space from continuous images is related to the action guidance and body guidance of the way the eye moves， and depends on the spatial scheduling of the audience's attention. The sense of space outside the frame depends on the synthesis of audiovisual perception. The audience captures the sense of spatial reality through the “perspective” of attention. In a word， the audience's attention restores the process of the production of spatial perception of the film. With the changes in film technology and audience's viewing habits， the structural role of audience's attention in viewing activities becomes more and more important， and is worth further exploration.
2023 Vol. 62 (4): 113-121 [
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122
“To Redeem the Soul of America”： A New Study on the Montgomery Bus Boycott
Xie Guorong
Local civil rights organizations and leaders in Montgomery， especially African American women's organizations and their leaders， played an important role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. As a newcomer， Martin Luther King， Jr. was accepted naturally by different groups because he had no ties to civil rights organizations in Montgomery. Moreover， he was not only an influential preacher in African American communities， but also a charismatic leader for his good education and oratory. As a result， King was elected as the leader of the Montgomery Improvement Association. Under his call， African Americans in Montgomery insisted on non-violent movement， linking their destiny closely to that of the oppressed peoples around the world. King claimed that the Montgomery Bus Boycott was an important part of the compaign against colonialism， imperialism， and racism worldwide. He shaped the boycott as a movement as “to redeem the soul of America”， injecting strong impetus into the civil rights movement and forcing the U.S. government to carry out civil rights reforms. In this sense， the Montgomery Bus Boycott opened a new chapter in the American civil rights movement.
2023 Vol. 62 (4): 122-135 [
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136
Tradition in Modernity： The Raj and the Creation of an Orthodox Indian Historiography
Wang Lixin
The Orthodox Indian Historiography constructs a “traditional” historical space through the narrative of Aryan civilization， whereas the New Indian Historiography constructs a “modern” historical space through a new historical narrative starting with the Mughal Empire. New Indian historians such as Thomas Metcalf interpret Orthodox Indian Historiography as an ideological fiction of the Raj. By tracing the historical-sociological lineage of Orthodox Indian Historiography， this work shows that the knowledge construction of Orthodox Indian Historiography is closely related to the modern transformation of world historical space and the history of colonial modernity in India from the mid-18th century. The traditional historical space constructed by the Orthodox Indian Historiography is essentially the invention of colonial modernity， rather than the objective presentation of the pre-modern history of India. The Orthodox Indian Historiography， for its part， constitutes one of the intellectual tools on which the British-Indian colonial statecraft depends， and thus should be regarded as part of the history of the British-Indian colonial rule： it is a colonial intellectual project.
2023 Vol. 62 (4): 136-149 [
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507
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150
From Faith to Power——Escalation of the Issue of Quietism in France and the Beginning of the Dispute between Bossuet and Fénelon
Chen Zhe
From 1693 to 1695， the issue of Quietism continued to ferment in France， from an otherwise unremarkable dispute to a conflict between Bossuet and Fénelon， tutors of Grand Dauphin and Duke of Burgundy respectively. Fénelon tried to use Bossuet's reputation in the Church to prove that the doctrine of Madame Guyon did not deviate from the orthodox of the Catholicism， whereas Bossuet threw himself into Madame Maintenon's camp by denouncing Madame Guyon and Fénelon after seeing the way in which the wind was blowing. Because of the special status of these two great churchmen， political groups inevitably seized the chance to intervene， and furthermore， a debate on theological issues gradually revealed itself as a power struggle. As both sides stood on the self-aggrandized moral high ground， the irreconcilable juxtaposition of their claims not only puzzled later researchers， but also led to the ambiguity of the reasons for and the exact process of the deterioration of the relationship between the two men. Thus， exploring the process of the escalation of the Quietism issue into the dispute between Bossuet and Fénelon will help to further the understanding of the complex network of interests between the upper echelons of the French political and religious sectors， and reveal the subtle and complicated connection between the ideological dispute and the struggle for political power in the later period of Louis XIV’s reign.
2023 Vol. 62 (4): 150-163 [
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465
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164
Judgment on Educational Practice Oriented to the Application of Educational Theory
Yu Qingchen
The application of educational theory in practice spans the field of cognition and action， which needs to be based on the high-quality judgment of educational practice. However， judging educational practice is itself a challenging problem， and the self-referential logic of educational practice itself constitutes a major aspect and source of this challenge. This difficulty in judging educational practice has brought the practical application of educational theory into a dilemma， for which a solid foundation of judgment needs to be built. Judgment is fundamentally an ability of relating and positioning. It is the ability to locate particulars in relation to universals. Judgment in educational practice is the ability to position oneself in the correlation between the particulars and universals of a given educational practice. The fact that practical applicators of educational theory has judgment means that they can find the connection between specific educational practice and educational theory in the prescriptive judgment based on universal educational theory and in two kinds of reflective judgments of particular educational practice， which in turn provide the foundation for enabling the practical application of educational theory. With an emphasis on publicity， imagination， socialization and universality， improving the judgment on educational practice requires learning through the observation of educational practice cases.
2023 Vol. 62 (4): 164-170 [
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324
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171
High-Quality Professional Development of Novice Rural Teachers： Dilemmas and Enhancement Paths for Agency
Dai Weifen Zeng Xinyi
Novice rural teachers are with low stability. Apart from the impact of remuneration， the limited professional development is an important factor. Teachers' agency plays a significant role in their professional development and the reform of schools. This study finds that there are developmental dilemmas in the professional development agency of novice rural teachers. Under the influence of socio-cultural values and organizational systems， they have low value recognition of their work in rural education as well as professional development， and lack a sense of professional development agency. Constrained by personal goals and external environment， they lack enthusiasm and internal motivation for professional development. Constrained by professional resources and the pressures of the rural teachers' role， they have little energy and limited space to engage in dynamic behaviors. As a result of the organizational structure and the solidification of teachers' past work experience， their right to exert their agency in professional development is relinquished. Accordingly， by virtue of the theory of complex dynamic systems， this study proposes some pathways to enhance the agency for the novice rural teachers： first， utilizing the positive effects of perturbation to motivate novice rural teachers； second， supporting the emergence of agency through multiple resources and creating a space for teachers to exert their right to agency for professional development through information technology； third， recognizing the self-organizing attributes of novice rural teachers and establishing an evaluation system that encourages the emergence of agency， leading to a sustainable and stable improvement in the quality of rural teachers.
2023 Vol. 62 (4): 171-181 [
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362
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182
Research Outline on the Legislative Innovation and Practical Path of Vocational Education Law
Liu Chengjie
The new vocational education law has achieved the rational return of high-level legislation and the innovation of legislative value concept. It has also made new breakthroughs in the legal status of vocational education and the coordination and management mechanism. The promulgation of the new law marks a new stage in the modernization of education governance in China. To effectively implement the new law and promote the high-quality development of vocational education in China， we should re-examine and redefine the standard and promote the systematic construction of vocational education law. At the same time， we should strengthen in-depth research and authoritative interpretation of the new law， and emphasis should be placed on comparative reference to the mature experience of international vocational education.
2023 Vol. 62 (4): 182-188 [
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