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2023 Vol. 62, No. 6
Published: 2023-11-27
1
The Construction of an Independent Knowledge System for the New Liberal Arts
Gao Lihong
2023 Vol. 62 (6): 1-32 [
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33
Exploration and Development of Rural Politics——The Research History of Professor Zhang Hou'an as a Clue
Xiang Jiquan
Professor Zhang Hou'an is one of the earliest scholars to engage in political science research after China's reform and opening up， and he is also the founder and pioneer in the study of rural politics and rural governance research in China. Looking back on Professor Zhang's academic journey， he has guided the political science research from the top to the grassroots， established the research center for China's rural problems at Central China Normal University， and constructed a disciplinary system of rural political science with clear research objects， focuses， contents， methods， goals， as well as basic academic judgments， theoretical generalizations， and policy propositions. Through the efforts of several generations， Professor Zhang's academic spirit and academic philosophy have been continuously promoted and developed. Rural politics has made breakthroughs in the construction of autonomous knowledge system， the generalization of grassroots practical experience， the transformation and application of research results， and the cultivation of innovative talents， injecting new momentum into the study of contemporary Chinese political science.
2023 Vol. 62 (6): 33-39 [
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355
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40
Discovering and Developing Political Science in the “Fieldwork”——A Critical Review from Fieldwork of Anthropology to Field Politics
Tao Qing Shi Yuanyuan
As a methodology， the “fieldwork of anthropology” has laid the foundation and opened the door for the transformation of anthropology from classical to modern， from speculation to science， and formed a “cultural science” with social functions. The “fieldwork” has been supported and even financed by different types of governments since it was “engaged” with ethnography. The direct study results of “cultural science” have a public function of helping governments to make decisions， which is the result of the innate drive of “fieldwork” to devote itself to policy science. On the one hand， in anthropology， the social public nature of “fieldwork” has activated the political endowments of “public anthropology” and “anthropology of the people”； on the other hand， in political science， “field politics” responds to the need of the times for the fourth wave of scientific development of political science and provides a Chinese solution to the problem of “politics without political science”.
2023 Vol. 62 (6): 40-48 [
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337
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49
The Dynamic Mechanism and Logic of the Urban-Rural Integration at the County-Level in the Process of Chinese Path to Modernization
Yuan Fangcheng Zhou Weilong
The integration of urban and rural areas in counties is of strategic importance for modernizing the mega-population and modernizing governance， promoting harmonious coexistence between human beings and nature， and advancing common prosperity. Based on the practical background of Chinese path to modernization， this work investigates the empirical patterns and the practical logic of the integration of space， factors， and industrial service in the process of urban-rural integration in counties. The research finds that integrated governance of space， market-oriented reform of factors， integrated industrial development and equalized service supply are the primary driving mechanisms for urban-rural integration in the county. Different mechanisms interact with each other to shape the spatial structure， economic structure， and governance structure of the county， showing a triple logic of high-quality development， high-efficiency governance and high-quality life in the structural coupling. With the strategy of building a new type of urban-rural industrial-agricultural relationship， in order to promote China's urban-rural development in the county towards a more balanced and fully developed path of integration， it is important to build the urban-rural space in all fields， promote the market-oriented allocation of factors in the whole process， promote industrial integration in the whole chain， and share public services in an all-round way.
2023 Vol. 62 (6): 49-59 [
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60
On the Carbon Reduction Effect of Digital Economy——Based on the Perspective of Factor Allocation
Gan Tianqi
The digital economy is a new driving force for the new normal development of China's economy. The “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” goals cannot be realized without the support of the digital economy. Based on the perspective of factor allocation， this paper conducts an empirical test with the panel data of 272 cities at or above prefecture level nationwide from 2011 to 2019， and explores the effect of the digital economy on the heterogeneity of urban carbon emissions by affecting factor allocation. The results show that the impact of the level of development of the digital economy on urban carbon emissions presents a clear “U” shape. After replacing the explanatory variables， selecting quasi natural experiments for the “Broadband China” pilot policy， excluding the samples of provincial capitals and municipalities directly under the central government， replacing clustering standard errors， and lagging the explanatory variables by one period， this conclusion is still valid. The development of digital economy can alleviate the distortion of factor allocation and promote urban carbon emission reduction， and its correction effect of capital distortion is higher than that of labor distortion. The carbon emission reduction effect of digital economy through improving factor allocation has a very significant difference among cities， and the carbon-emission reduction effect of cities with more serious capital mismatch and better development is more intense. For different types of cities， the mechanisms of digital economy to reduce carbon emissions by improving the distortion of factor allocation are different. The research conclusion of this article provides empirical evidence for actively leveraging the role of the digital economy in adjusting factor allocation to achieve the “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” goals.
2023 Vol. 62 (6): 60-73 [
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340
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74
On the Tax Competition Forms among Local Governments at the Municipal Level in China
Hu Hongshu Wu Xianmei
By employing both theoretical analysis and empirical estimation， this paper examines tax competition among local governments in China， with a specific focus on whether it demonstrates convergent or differentiated characteristics. Firstly， we employ a Complete Information Dynamic Game Model to derive the subgame perfect Nash equilibrium in tax competition scenarios for regions with varying levels of economic development. Then， using panel data of 282 regions during the period from 2005 to 2021 and considering overall tax burden， value-added tax burden， and corporate income tax burden， we empirically estimate tax reaction functions through the Quasi-Maximum Likelihood estimation method. Our theoretical analysis finds that relative disparities in economic development play a crucial role in shaping strategic behavior among local governments engaged in tax competition. Specifically， refined equilibrium outcomes of tax competition games between regions with similar or comparable levels of economic development indicate convergent competition， while regions characterized by greater disparities in economic development tend to exhibit a form of differentiated tax competition. Moreover， we carefully address the issues related to the heterogeneous impact of common shocks and the lagged reaction of local tax policies to spatially related regions， revealing significant differences in tax competition forms across different tax categories. More specifically， the reaction coefficients for total tax and value-added tax are negative， suggesting a negative correlation between overall tax burden and value-added tax burden across regions， indicating a differentiating form of tax competition. On the other hand， the reaction coefficient for corporate income tax is positive， indicating a positive correlation between corporate income tax burden among regions， indicating a convergence form of tax competition.
2023 Vol. 62 (6): 74-93 [
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207
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94
An Explanation of the Relationship between the Late Qing Dynasty and “the Argument of Abolishing Classical Chinese” during the May Fourth Period
Zhang Weizhong
The principle of prioritizing efficiency in modern society makes it impossible to use two written languages at the same time. The movement of vernacular Chinese should essentially be a life-and-death struggle between the classical Chinese and the vernacular Chinese. Therefore， the abolition of classical Chinese is the fundamental issue that this movement needs to address. Restricted by the era and environment， although intellectuals in the late Qing Dynasty proposed the slogan of “abolishing classical Chinese and celebrating vernacular Chinese”， they only expanded the influence of vernacular Chinese and did not pry the foundation of classical Chinese. During the May Fourth Movement， Hu Shi started from the place where intellectuals in the late Qing Dynasty stopped——the language issues in poetry. His contribution to the May Fourth vernacular movement was not only his proposal of abolishing classical Chinese， but more importantly， his successful reversal of people's understanding of classical Chinese and vernacular by showing that even in poetry， vernacular could outvalue classical Chinese， which provided a solid logical basis for the abolition of classical Chinese. In fact， the purpose of the May Fourth vernacular movement was not to recognize vernacular as the authentic language， but to abandon classical Chinese as a whole. Although there are rich studies on the vernacular movement， it is difficult to understand the internal logic of the movement without discussing the purpose of “abolishing classical Chinese”.
2023 Vol. 62 (6): 94-101 [
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384
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102
A Distant Conversation in 1919——A Comparison between Lu Xun's “How do We Play the Role of Father Nowadays” and Franz Kafka's “To My Father”
Zeng Yanbing,
Lu Xun and Franz Kafka were both concerned with the relationship between fathers and sons in 1919. Lu Xun wrote one article titled “How do We Play the Role of Father Nowadays” in October 1919. Kafka， who was far away in Austro-Hungarian empire in Europe， wrote his famous letter “To My Father” in the November of the same year. By comparing and analyzing Lu Xun's and Kafka's views and discourses， it seems to be a dialogue between the different qualities of Chinese and Western cultures. Lu Xun's article is no less than a diatribe criticizing feudalism， while Kafka's is merely a family letter aspiring for reconciliation between father and son. Lu Xun is more concerned with how to be a father， while Kafka is more concerned with how to be a son. Lu Xun's essay is clear in its thesis， though rich in meaning and infinite in its implications； Kafka's letter is ambiguous in its meaning and wandering in its viewpoints， and the author's intentions are difficult to capture and grasp. Lu Xun and Kafka are both writers worthy of our “long gaze”， who belong to the same era and “can be interpreted in parallel”.
2023 Vol. 62 (6): 102-108 [
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500
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109
The Game of “Power” and the Remaking of Deitiesin Lu Xun's Poems on the Goddesses of the Xiang River
Xiong Ying
Several representative poems on the Goddesses of the Xiang River by Lu Xun show that his cognition and interpretation of “force” is obviously multi-faceted. Even though Lu Xun has reservations about violence against violence in reality， it does not affect his literary view of “disturbing the human mind”， and he fully recognizes the potential of Qu Yuan's poems to achieve that. Lu Xun's poems on the Goddesses of the Xiang River skillfully transform the traditional image of the vanilla beauty in Chu Ci into an image capable of carrying modern emotions， so as to emphasize and contrast the necessity of force against violence， which become the common value of Lu Xun's poems on the Goddesses of the Xiang River. Lu Xun's poems on the Goddesses of the Xiang River replace the lightness and softness of the deities in Qu Yuan's lyric model with the sublime beauty and power of the female warrior in her confrontation with the reactionary forces. Lu Xun's revolutionary action is complemented by a literary mind capable of converting， and he recreates the ancient deities with violent force， thus resisting the limitations of literary impotence in the traditional poems and fugues by Qu Yuan.
2023 Vol. 62 (6): 109-118 [
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335
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119
The Cultural Gene of Taoism——The Relationship between the Pre-Qin Taoism and the Ancient Clans， Tribes and States
Gao Huaping
According to the 734 works by the 26 Taoists of the pre-Qin period collected in “Treatise on Literature” from Book of Han， it can be identified that 701 articles were written by the 22 Taoists of Song， Wei， Zheng， Chen， Qi and Chu， accounting for more than 84 % of the total number of Taoists in the pre-Qin period and more than 96 % of the total number of works collected in the book. The reason for the states of Song， Wei， Zheng， Chen， Qi and Chu producing so many pre-Qin Taoists and works was that the basic population in these areas descended from the ancient Zhuanxu clan， and there was some natural “historiographical” consciousness of “studying the relationship between heaven and man， and understanding the changes of the past and present” in their genes. “The stream of Taoists originated from historiographers”， which means “the stream of Taoists originated from the Zhuanxu (Chong， Li) clan， the officials of heaven and earth”. Since the ideological and cultural genes of Zhuanxu Taoism had a relatively pure inheritance in the three States of Chen， Song and Chu，the Taoism of Laozi and Zhuangzi's “emptiness and inaction” and “to be reclusive and nameless as a matter of business” were popular here in its origin. By contrast， the Taoism in the states of Wei， Zheng and Qi had the prominent characteristics of the fusion of Dongyi culture and western Yanhuang culture. Therefore， under the name of Taoism's “Tao”， the Taoists in this area also sought the mutual adjustment and integration with Confucianism， law， criminal law， name and other ideas.
2023 Vol. 62 (6): 119-137 [
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425
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138
“Dayuan” and “Daxia”： Two Ethnic Names for the Greeks Reported by Zhang Qian
Xu Xiaoxu
The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom was disintegrating when Zhang Qian arrived in there. The king no longer existed， but the autonomous politics continued in the Greek cities of Bactria and Fergana. Yuezhi occupied the southern Sogdiana， but did not directly rule Bactria， where Greek authorities were only subordinate to them. This political situation led Zhang Qian to regard these three regions as three “states”. It was in such a Hellenistic historical context that Zhang Qian defined Fergana as “Dayuan” and Bactria as “Daxia” by using the ethnic names for the Greeks from different languages that he heard at different points in his travels. “Dayuan” derived from the Oriental exonym for the Greeks， which was in turn how the Ionians， a sub-group of the Greeks， called themselves. “Daxia” was the Greek name to address the Greeks. Zhang Qian's definition created a tradition of knowledge about the “Western Regions” for the Chinese. The interpretation of this tradition should be placed in its historical context reconstructed from a synthesis of multilingual historical and archeological sources.
2023 Vol. 62 (6): 138-147 [
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148
On the Rivers， Waterways， and Canals Built and Maintained in Sui and Tang Dynasties
Ma Junya
In recent years， various programs for the protection， inheritance and utilization of the Grand Canal culture， as well as numerous canal museums， have listed only six provinces and two municipalities when they refer to the canals of Sui and Tang Dynasties， namely Zhejiang， Jiangsu， Anhui， Shandong， Henan， Hebei， Tianjin and Beijing. Other than a couple of commonsense errors， the capitals and surrounding environs of the two dynasties have been surprisingly overlooked in these programs. As a matter of fact， the networked waterways serving different functions built during the Sui and Tang dynasties were spread across various regions. In addition to parading， transportation， irrigation， and residential water use， the canals in the capital city regions were needed to maintain the supply and stability of the capital cities. Rivers and canals in the vast arid and semi-arid areas of Northwest China mainly served for farming， people's everyday life use and military purposes. The Yangtze and Huai River canals essentially supplied food， silk cloth， urban protection， and fire prevention for the two capitals and other cities. The Northeast and South China canals were mostly involved in military operations. Canals in Tibet chiefly served agricultural irrigation.
2023 Vol. 62 (6): 148-165 [
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277
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166
Major Problems and Coping Strategies on the Development of China's Physical Education in the New Era
Wang Jian
Even though there has been great progress made in school physical education since the new era， there still remain problems that are needed to address in the process of deepening the reform of school physical education. Five existing problems are raised in this article： the problems in the synthetical development of sports and physical education， the problems in the physical education examination for high school admission， the problems in physical education after the “double reduction” policy， the problems in the implementation of physical and health education curriculum standards， and the problems in health education in school physical education. Based on contemporary policies， regulations and the reality of physical education， in order to further promote the development of school physical education， it is necessary to improve the system to promote the integration of physical education and synergistic development； to enhance the scientific nature of the physical education examination with scientific plan； to seize the opportunity for development brought about by the policy of “double-reduction” based on the actual situation； to promote the effective implementation of the standards of the physical education and health curriculum by improving the relevant conditions； and to change the concepts， enhance the strengths， and strengthen the evaluation， so as to improve the quality of health education.
2023 Vol. 62 (6): 166-178 [
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754
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179
The “Demand and Technology” Paradigm of Cross-Disciplinary Development： ——The U.S. “Multidisciplinary University Research Program” as an Example
Wang Zhanjun Li Yini
The earliest cross-disciplinary research has been carried out in the United States， which led to the most significant achievements. The “Multidisciplinary University Research Program” led by the Ministry of Defense has played a crucial role in the promotion of cross-disciplinary construction. Since its launch and implementation， this plan has gradually explored a cross-disciplinary construction paradigm of “demand and technology” through the top-level traction of military demand and independent drive of technological development. China has nominated the cross-disciplinary studies as the 14th discipline category， aiming to explore the formation of new scientific development paradigms and cultivate high-level innovative cross-disciplinary talents for the country. The exploration and practice of the United States in the planning and design of cross-disciplinary construction， financial support， management mechanisms， integrative modes， transformation of research results， and talent cultivation serve as useful references for the development of China's cross-disciplinary construction，and provide referential ideas for scientific and technological innovation in China.
2023 Vol. 62 (6): 179-188 [
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351
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