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2025 Vol. 64, No. 2
Published: 2025-03-27
28
The Chinese Connotation of Educational Modernization and Its Implementation Path
Yang Xiaowei Zhang Wei
In the context of the in-depth promotion of China's path to modernization， understanding and comparing the national patterns of educational modernization will help to deeply grasp its essential characteristics and then explore its Chinese connotation. Based on the analytical framework of time， space， people and society， this article analyzes the Chinese connotation of educational modernization from the perspectives of “tradition in modern times”， “China in the world” and “education in society”. The connotation includes “harmonious coexistence” as the foundation of modernization， “late-development endogeny and leapfrog development” as the fundamental features， and “sustainable development” as the long-term pursuit. Based on a multidimensional understanding of the Chinese connotation of educational modernization， with the policy documents for deepening educational reform， the multidimensional objectives of China's modernization of education can be described from three aspects：serving the country， improving itself and helping growth，and the key tasks of educational modernization in the process of the deepening reform in China become clear. Therefore， the implementation path to China's educational modernization can be summarized as： converting the strategic goals of educational modernization into evaluative indicators for “guidance”； converting the national strategic blueprint into regional education development strategic plans for taking action； establishing the strategic paths of modernization development based on the characteristics of education at all levels and categories for “implementation”.
2025 Vol. 64 (2): 28-41 [
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42
The High-Quality Development of Modernization of Civil Quality and Solutions to Difficult Problems
Jing Guoping
The kernel of China's educational modernization is the modernization of Chinese people， represented by the modernization of civil quality. Taking “high-quality development” as the longitude， “China's educational modernization” as the latitude， and “national quality modernization” as the coordinate point， this work focuses on the themes in the era of promoting China's educational modernization with high quality， analyzes the difficult problems in modernizing civil quality and explores solutions. The themes of the times include： the cultivation of the every citizen's civil quality as the foundation for “people's happiness”； and the development of modern personality as the core goal， the high-quality development as the basic approach， and the comprehensive evaluation as the powerful driving force for the modernization of civil quality. In order to solve the difficulties in implementing quality education and core literacy， cultivating top innovative talents， and ensuring “openness to everyone”， it is necessary to fully carry out the new curriculum standards for compulsory education， optimize evaluative indicators of the core competencies of Chinese students， explore the Chinese approach of cultivating top talents， and perfect the governance system of modern education that is “open to everyone”.
2025 Vol. 64 (2): 42-52 [
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53
Policy Adaptation of Local Governments： Organizational Adaptation and Strategy Combinations——A Qualitative Meta-Analysis
Xu Zengyang He Chunfang
The adaptation of policies by local governments is a crucial mechanism for ensuring the effective implementation. It is both a practical and theoretical question that under what policy context， taking what adaptation strategy， so as to achieve policy goals while taking into account of the governance goals set by local governments. Based on the studies of 40 local cases， this paper employs qualitative meta-analysis to systematically identify the factors that influence the policy adaptation of local governments and categorize the corresponding adaptation strategies through the process of extracting， coding， and categorizing. On this basis， a conceptual framework for the policy adaptation of local governments is developed. The findings indicate that the policy adaptation behaviors of local governments are influenced collectively by policy attributes as well as external and internal organizational factors. Depending on the specific combinations of these three types of factors in different policy contexts， local governments strategically opt for internal adaptation strategies such as policy translation and structural reshaping alongside external strategies such as upward leverage and social networking. Furthermore， the process of adjusting policies at the local level adheres to principles of organizational adaptation； only when certain conditions are met will local governments proactively adjust their approaches and implement an effective combination of adaptive strategies tailored to specific policy contexts and stages of implementation—thereby facilitating successful policy-making outcomes while achieving efficient governance at the local level.
2025 Vol. 64 (2): 53-69 [
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70
Financial Literacy and Household Commercial Insurance
Wang Yake Liu Lijie
Based on the China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) data， this paper comprehensively investigates the influence of financial literacy on the commercial insurance decision-making of Chinese households. The research results demonstrate that financial literacy has significantly promoted both the probability and degree of household commercial insurance participation. Compared with protection-oriented insurance， financial literacy has a greater promoting effect on the probability and degree of participation in investment insurance. In terms of the influencing mechanism， financial literacy will promote household commercial insurance participation by enhancing residents' financial trust and risk preference. Heterogeneity analysis shows that financial literacy has a stronger effect on the probability and degree of households commercial insurance participation among middle-aged， high-wealth， and urban households than among young and old， low-wealth， and rural households. This research has reference significance for improving residents' financial literacy and household commercial insurance decision-making.
2025 Vol. 64 (2): 70-82 [
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83
“Data Formalism” in the Grassroots： Expressions， Causes and Solutions
Zhao Tan
The grassroots formalism is the emphasis on superficial forms in policy implementation whereas ignoring the actual effects and outcomes. At present， the formalism that both the government and academia are concerned about mainly occurs in the grassroots government's daily activities or routinized procedures， such as conferences， documents， supervision and inspection. However， the fieldwork in several places reveals that， there exists another form of formalism that is common in the internal operation of the government system， which aims to deal with the indicators and tasks with clear numerical or quantitative requirements in the assessment， that is， “data formalism”. “Data formalism” occurs when the grassroots governments devise a variety of informal methods to “meet the required data” for the sake of the data without any substantial effect. Meanwhile， those informal methods would cause a waste of government resources， increase the grassroots burden， harm the government's public image， and even potentially influence the policy-making process in the higher-level government. The key to restrain “data formalism” lies in clarifying the scope of responsibilities of grassroots governments and comprehensively employing a variety of evaluation methods to avoid “data-only” assessment results.
2025 Vol. 64 (2): 83-91 [
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92
The Correlation between the Regional Distribution of Phonological Changes in Henan Dialect and the Defense Lines of the Jin Dynasty
Chen Qianrui
According to the distribution maps of D-type and Z-type phonological changes in Henan dialect drawn by Xin Yongfen and Zhuang Huibin， two prominent characteristics of the distribution can be summarized： one is the belt-like distribution along the northeast direction of the Yellow River in the Jin Dynasty， and the other is the circular distribution centered around the capital city of Kaifeng in the late Jin Dynasty. These characteristics are not only related to the Yellow River defense line and Kaifeng defense line of the Jin Dynasty， but also partially confirmed by the immigration records in The History of Jin Dynasty. Explaining the regional distribution of D-type， Z-type phonological changes in various parts of Henan from the hypothesis of language contact between Jurchen and Chinese dialects helps to deepen our understanding of the contact process between northern Chinese and northern languages.
2025 Vol. 64 (2): 92-99 [
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100
The Jiaoliao Mandarin in the Middle and Upper Reaches of the Yalu River——Taking the Dialects of Ji'an City and Linjiang City in Jilin Province as Examples
Qin Yuelong
The investigation and research on the Chinese dialects in Jilin Province are relatively weak. The eastern and southern regions of the province are the hinterland of the Changbai Mountain and the middle and upper reaches of the Yalu River. The dialects， influenced by the Jiaoliao Mandarin from the west and south， present distinctive features from the Northeast Mandarin， especially in phonology， vocabulary and intonation. Special field investigations and historical literature reviews of the two dialect sites of Linjiang and Ji'an， the node cities in the middle and upper reaches of the Yalu River， can provide a glimpse of the basic characteristics of the dialects in the Yalu River Basin in southeastern Jilin Province. Summarizing the language features and determining the phonological system attributes can not only provide an immediate sample for studying the distribution of Jiaoliao Mandarin in northeast China and exploring the composition and evolution of Jilin dialects， but also offer valuable assistance in discussing about the relationship between Jiaoliao Mandarin and Northeast Mandarin， Jilu Mandarin， etc. Comprehensive language investigation and research in this region urgently need to be fully launched. Therefore， we solemnly propose and call for “Research on the Language of the Yalu River Basin”.
2025 Vol. 64 (2): 100-110 [
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A Study on the Prosodic Motivation and Register Mechanism of Third Tone Sandhi in Mandarin Chinese
Cui Sixing
The third-tone sandhi in Mandarin， particularly in reduplicated structures， provides insight into its motivations and mechanisms. Tone sandhi in Chinese is not only conditioned by phonetics and grammar but also shaped by prosody and register. In reduplicated third-tone sandhi， the colloquial and formal registers adopt different tonal patterns， demonstrating that tone sandhi serves as a register marker. The high-level tone in AA reduplication follows this process： the second A undergoes neutralization first， and become a neutral tone. As the neutral tone undergoes retroflex suffixation， both tonal and register shifts occur—the tone changes from neutral to high-level， and the register shifts from formal to colloquial. The high-level tone requires the presence of a neutral tone， while retroflex suffixation further reinforces the register shift. These phenomena suggest that tone sandhi in Chinese result from the combined influence of prosody and register.
2025 Vol. 64 (2): 111-120 [
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121
Subject Reconstruction， Cognitive Challenges， Ethical Transformation：When Generative Artificial Intelligence Intervenes in Reality
Lu Xiaofang
The rise of generative artificial intelligence， represented by ChatGPT and DeepSeek， has unprecedentedly increased the overall social penetration of artificial intelligence applications， and realized its deep intervention in real life. Generative artificial intelligence shows outstanding learning and understanding capabilities of semantic understanding， information integration， fact verification， and instruction execution， and can even accomplish “creative” work to a certain extent， which has fundamentally transformed the technical paradigm of traditional artificial intelligence as a tool for information retrieval. As the deep interaction between humans and machines is generalized， generative artificial intelligence has promoted the reconstruction of human-machine subjects. Its capabilities demonstrated in imagination， expansion， and cooperation not only begin to challenge the cognitive superiority of human， but also trigger the transformation of media ethics in the new era. We need to interpret it in-depth from a forward-looking perspective and actively respond to new ethical issues arising therefrom， in order to better dealing with the complex interaction between human and artificial intelligence.
2025 Vol. 64 (2): 121-128 [
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129
From On-Site to Online： The Media Presentation of Intangible Cultural Heritage and the Reconstruction of Sense of Place
Yu Huan
Intangible cultural heritage， as a special cultural entity， cultural practice， and cultural landscape in the perspective of daily life， has strong local attributes. As networked media technology continuously expands the boundaries of human perception and connectivity， the relationship between man and land exhibits a dynamic evolution from “global localization” to “local globalization”. Drawing on theories related to “sense of place” in human geography and adopting a perspective of body perception， this study explores how participants of intangible cultural heritage have changed from the “on-site” experience of the past to “online” experience. The research identifies three logical stages of the generation of digital sense of place： the overlap of place perceptions， the reconstruction of place images， and the reshaping of place symbols. It highlights how location-based media， social media， and audiovisual content collectively shape the sense of place. Furthermore， the study proposes different forms of cultural practices that connect man and land， from the dual perspectives of “guardians” and “wanderers” of intangible cultural heritage， which not only achieves relational extension through cloud sharing， but also realizes digital interaction through the layering of individual memories.
2025 Vol. 64 (2): 129-138 [
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The Distinction， Debate and Transformation of Hua and Yi——A Reconsideration of the Formation of the Chinese Nation
Li Yujun
In the historical process of the formation of Chinese national consciousness， the concept of “the distinction between Hua and Yi” played an extremely important role in promoting this development. The connotation of the distinction between Hua and Yi in Confucian classical doctrine is very clear， namely， the “distinction between civilization and barbarism”——advocating， protecting， and developing civilization， while denouncing， resisting， and transforming barbarism. Due to the long-term and complex nature of ethnic integration， rulers and Confucian scholars in different historical periods， had diverse interpretations of the distinction between Hua and Yi from their respective political stances. This has led to divergent， or even diametrically opposed evaluations of the distinction between Hua and Yi in later generations. This paper aims to clarify the origins by analyzing the true meaning of Confucian doctrine (the “distinction” between Hua and Yi)， the interpretations and practices of the distinction between Hua and Yi under different political stances (the “debate” on Hua and Yi)， and the deep ethnic integration under the guidance of the distinction between Hua and Yi (the “transformation” of Hua and Yi). It seeks to clarify various misunderstandings about the distinction between Hua and Yi， such as that there were multiple standards for the distinction between Hua and Yi， that its disadvantages outweighed its advantages， and that the distinction was once diluted or eradicated. Only by fully understanding the core of the distinction between Hua and Yi—the advocacy of civilization and embrace of openness—as well as the Confucian intellectuals' relentless pursuit of the ideal of “great unity”， can we deeply comprehend how the Chinese nation and a unified multi-ethnic China came into being.
2025 Vol. 64 (2): 139-149 [
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150
On Ritual Book Pan Gong Li Yue Quan Shu of the Early Qing：With a Focus on Two Japanese-Held Versions
Song Xinyi
As the only ritual book compiled and preserved during the Shunzhi period of the Qing Dynasty， Zhang Anmao's Pan Gong Li Yue Quan Shu (Book of Rituals and Music of the Pan Palace) has not yet attracted sufficient attention. This book exists in three versions， two of which are kept in Japan， and both are unique copies. The version held by the Osaka Prefectural Nakanoshima Library is the Le Ying Tang edition， a family-printed edition by Zhang Anmao and the first printed version of the book. The version held in the Kano Bunko collection of Tohoku University Library is a revised edition of the Le Ying Tang version. The version circulated in China consists of sixteen volumes， and The General Catalog of Chinese Ancient Books records it as a printed edition from the thirteenth year of Shunzhi， making it the latest of the three versions. The Japanese-held versions include Zhang Jinyan's preface and Zhang Anmao's introduction， which are not found in the domestic versions. There are also many textual variations among the prefaces of the different versions， providing material for textual reconstruction and collation. The transmission of this book to Japan may be related to the reforms of the Shōgunate's Confucian ceremonies during the Edo period， which has preserved the two versions from the wars of the early and late Qing Dynasty to this day. As a compiled work， it provides a detailed record of the Confucian ceremonial rituals before the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty， offering significant documentary value for the study of early Qing ritual and music. It reflects the cultural aspect of Qing Dynasty to “inherit rituals of Ming”.
2025 Vol. 64 (2): 150-161 [
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162
Can Improving the Quality of After-School Services under the Background of “Double Reduction” Alleviate the Academic Burden on Primary and Secondary School Students？——Based on a Survey of 11139 Students from 7 Provinces of Eastern， Central， and Western China
Fu Weidong Hu Yiran
Providing high-quality after-school services is an important measure to achieve the goal of “double reduction” and an important livelihood project to “follow public opinion and warm people's hearts”. Based on a survey of 11139 students from 64 primary and secondary schools in 7 provinces across the country， this study investigates the quality of after-school services and its impact on the academic burden of students. The results show that： firstly， the higher the quality of after-school services， the better is the effect of reducing the burden on primary and secondary school students； secondly， improving the quality of after-school services is more effective in alleviating academic pressure for urban students， and there is no significant difference between its impact on primary and junior high school students； thirdly， psychological resilience and homework pressure play a mediating role between the quality of after-school services and the academic burden of primary and secondary school students. Improving the quality of after-school services can significantly enhance the psychological resilience of primary and secondary school students， alleviate their homework pressure， and collectively reduce academic burden. Therefore， it is necessary to establish evaluation standards for the quality of after-school services in primary and secondary schools， and to carry out third-party comprehensive assessments； create a collaborative mechanism to guarantee resource for after-school services， and establish a “supply station” to fund after-school services； improve management and quality supervision platforms to ensure the effectiveness of after-school services in reducing academic burden.
2025 Vol. 64 (2): 162-174 [
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175
Equity in Mobility： Strategies and Pathways toward Funding Assurance for Compulsory Education of Migrant Children
Wu Kaijun Hu Yangguang
Fiscal equity in compulsory education is the value connotation of a high-quality educational system and essential requirement for high-quality and balanced development. It is also the pathway to achieve high-quality development for migrant children's education. Drawing on empirical data collected in Guangdong Province， this study explores strategies for securing funding for compulsory education of migrant children and delineates pathways for achieving fiscal equity in education. Results indicate that governments of the inflow areas are greatly affected by the increase in the number of migrant children in general. They perform relatively well in following the principle of wealth neutrality and can provide fair fiscal funding guarantees that do not rely on the wealth of local residents. However， they perform poorly in solving horizontal and vertical inequities， which is mainly due to the pressure of the local population load and the population increase in the inflow areas. The fiscal transfer payment from central and provincial governments effectively alleviates vertical and horizontal imbalances， reduce local fiscal burdens and diminish disparities in resource allocation across inflow areas， and has achieved partial progress towards fiscal equity in education for migrant children. Nevertheless， considerable heterogeneity persists among cities and regions. Areas with higher concentration of migrant children exhibit more severe horizontal inequities， but it is showing a trend of easing， and there has also been a significant improvement in vertical equity and wealth neutrality. Based on these findings， it is proposed to gradually lift the restrictions on the enrollment and residency of migrant children， ensure that compulsory education resources fully cover all school age permanent-resident children in the inflow areas； increase the proportion of central and provincial fiscal contributions within intergovernmental funding mechanisms， and dynamically enhance the baseline funding and subsidy intensities； pay attention to regional differences， and solve the problem of horizontal inequity in the finances of migrant children's education in a flexible manner， and promote the high-quality development of migrant children's education with fiscal equity.
2025 Vol. 64 (2): 175-188 [
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