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2022 Vol. 61, No. 2
Published: 2022-03-27
1
Flexible Democracy： Government Intervention and Villagers Participation in Property Rights Reform——A Study of Rural Collective Asset ShareholdingReform in Three Districts and Counties
Deng Dacai
The article examines the participation and democracy of villagers in the reform by looking at three pilot districts and counties in China Rural Collective Asset Shareholding Reform. Villagers’ participation and democracy depend on both governmental and conditional factors. The governmental factors are mainly local leadership，the bureaucratic expertise and bureaucratic motivation， both of which determine the type of government intervention from the top down， and thus the space for villagers’ participation. Conditional factors include the size of the governance unit and the tradition of participation， both of which determine the accessibility of participation from the bottom up. The space for participation determined by the governmental factors and the accessibility of participation determined by the conditional factors vary from place to place， from time to time and from reform to reform， and the degree of villagers’ participation and the degree of democracy determined by both factors are variable. This form of democracy determined by the degree of government intervention and that of villagers’ participatory accessibility is conceptualized as “flexible democracy”.
2022 Vol. 61 (2): 1- [
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The Trade-Off Logic of Decentralization and Coordination：A Study on the Implementation of Rural Environmental Governance Policies
Li Chenxing
Rural environmental governance is a critical issue in the construction of China’s ecological civilization in the new era， and its policy implementation effectiveness determines the effects of the Rural Revitalization Strategy. For a long time， the policy effectiveness in China has mostly relied on the government’s leadership and supervision in the policy implementation， which has been divided into the “decentralized” policy implementation approach characterized by focusing on the division of labor and responsibility， and the “coordinating” policy implementation approach characterized by focusing on the departmental collaboration. Due to the uneven distribution of power and responsibility， and the alienation of the rural environmental interests and other obstacles， there are defects in the existing policy implementation methods， which are manifested as the bottleneck in efficiency and operational suspensions in practice. With the continuous improvement in the standards of rural environmental policy implementation， relevant policy implementation methods need to be further developed and innovated. On the one hand， we should maintain a full understanding of the ways in which policies are implemented， accurately identify the types of interests and their relationships， based upon which the path of choosing the right rural environmental policy implementation is formed. At the same time， the ownership structure and cultural basis in the implementation of rural environmental policy are examined to enrich the theoretical extension of rural environmental governance policy implementation. On the other hand， we should focus on the allocation of power and responsibility， optimize the micro-environment， and innovate the “coordinated” policy implementation mechanism， so as to provide guarantee and assistance for the scientific implementation of rural environmental governance policies.
2022 Vol. 61 (2): 13- [
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21
Problems and Countermeasures of the Local Legal System from the Perspective of Urban Governance Modernization
Zheng Weihua
The purpose of optimizing the urban local legal system is to meet the needs of the modernization of urban governance. It can satisfy the legislative needs of modern urban governance， serve as an important basis for evaluating the quality of urban legislative work， balance the legislative supply and demand structure to promote urban economic development， and change the concept of urban governance to promote law-based governance in multi-levels and multiple fields. From the perspective of governance modernization， there is still room for improvement in the coordination and systematization in the current local laws and regulations in the urban areas in our country. The nature that laws are for the people is not fully reflected. The balance of supply and demand still needs to be improved. The precision and refinement are still not strong enough， and the initiative to implement China’s New Development Principles needs to be strengthened. To optimize the urban local legal system， it is necessary to promote the organic coordination and system support within the regulations， adhere to the “people-centered” legislation (which means legislation for the people)， pay attention to the dynamic balance of supply and demand of regulations， and appropriately relax the legislative power of cities with districts to expand the dimension of urban governance. It is also necessary to improve the refinement of the issue- and demand-oriented legislation，and to guide the construction of the urban local legal system with the China’s New Development Principles.
2022 Vol. 61 (2): 21- [
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31
On the Legal Responsibility of Colleges and Universities in the Suicide of Students
Li Shuo
The suicide of college students has aroused widespread concern from all walks of life， and it urges people to think deeply about the legal responsibility of colleges and universities in students’ suicide. The scope of college students and suicide should be more specified. What colleges and universities should bear to students is the tort liability for an omission， and their obligation of action is the duty of care based on “special relationship”， not the obligation of security. Investigating the judicial practice in China， we can determine that the constituents of tort liability in colleges and universities are damage， causation， and fault. The key to judge whether there is fault in colleges and universities is the predictability of suicide and the rationality of the measures of prevention and intervention. Colleges and universities should take the corresponding strategies to prevent and deal with students’ suicide.
2022 Vol. 61 (2): 31- [
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How does the Identification of “Gazelle Companies” Impactthe Business Performance and Social Contribution？
Li Changying Wang Lei
For the local government， the purpose of the “Gazelle Plan” which was first launched by Zhongguancun in 2003 is to promote the development of business and increase tax revenues and employment. Based on the data of firms in NEEQ market from 2005 to 2018， using the PSM-DID method， through the company’s performance measured by its return on assets and operating cash flow， and its social contribution measured by its contribution to tax and employment， this work studies the impact of the gazelle company identification on the business performance and its social contribution. The findings of this study include： first， the identification of gazelle companies increases the business performance. The identification improves the companies’ performance by easing financial constraints and improving the quality of innovation， but it will stimulate the companies to seek rent. Second， the identification raises tax revenues and employment. The identification increases the tax contribution of the companies through the scale effect and the efficiency effect， and the employment contribution through the scale effect， but the employment contribution is reduced by the efficiency effect. Third， as the level of marketization increases， the positive influence of the identification on the business performance and social contribution of the gazelle companies increases accordingly.
2022 Vol. 61 (2): 40- [
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52
Spatial Welfare of Rural Public Investment from the Perspective of Regional Relative Poverty
Luo Xiang Jin Gui
With the elimination of absolute poverty in China， one of the priorities of public governance is to reduce regional relative poverty， which is essentially the issue of promoting spatial welfare through public investment in rural areas. By using the spatial Durbin model (SDM) of provincial panel data from 2006 to 2018， this paper finds that the impact of rural public investment has a positive spatial spillover on HDI ， which was supported by tests for constructing different spatial weight matrices. This work shows that the current rural public investment structure with local as the main body is not conducive to the improvement of regional welfare， and it is necessary to increase the proportion of the investment from the central government in rural public investment. At the same time， the act of rural investment of local governments should be further standardized， and gradually shifted from local finance to public finance.
2022 Vol. 61 (2): 52- [
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62
The Image Writing about CPC’s Centennial Spiritual Genealogy
Peng Tao
The centennial course of the hard struggle of the CPC has provided material for the creation of film and television programs. Besides， the CPC’s spiritual genealogy has imbued the Chinese TV series with the soul. In the visual images that present the CPC’s centennial spiritual genealogy， the creators vividly record the founding spirit of the CPC which passes on from generation to generation by representing the party’s history and the choice and struggle of Communists. What’s more， Chinese TV series have been keeping up with time in the narrative techniques of telling about history and characterization. By the means of spectacle and injecting a “poetic characteristic” into the film， while enhancing the appreciation of the work， it also enhances the audience’s identification with the spiritual genealogy of the Chinese Communists. The practice of image writing about the CPC’s centennial spiritual genealogy has the value of building a communal memory，enhancing historical identity and practicing patriotism education.
2022 Vol. 61 (2): 62- [
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71
On the Mechanism and Path of the Red Industrial Heritage in the Role of the Dissemination of the Spiritual Genealogy of Chinese Communists
Han Han
As a site of memory that carries media memory， the red industrial heritage plays an important role in spreading the spiritual genealogy of the Chinese Communists. The two have the unity not only in content and form， but also in their subject and object. From the perspective of the transmission mechanism， there are three mechanisms： the “gaze-immersion” which is the return to the historical scene， the “abstract-representation” which is the formation of material perception， and the “historical-reality” that explains the value of the times. From the perspective of the path of transmission， it includes protection and innovation， the IP empowerment， and the community participation， which are determined by the three directions (the spirit of the times， innovativeness and affinity to the people) of transformation and reuse of the red industrial heritage. In the process of promoting the red industrial heritage in the role of disseminating the spiritual genealogy of the Chinese Communists， it is necessary to avoid homogenization and vulgarization.
2022 Vol. 61 (2): 71- [
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106
Survey on the Hehuai Poetry in the Northern Dynasty of China
Lu Lu
The Hehuai region was one of the most developed regions in culture and the most prosperous in poetry creation during the Northern Dynasty. It is known that more than 60 literati composed more than 100 poems here. This region also includes the Central Plain and Qilu cultural areas. The Central Plain originally had profound cultural accumulation， and was also the political and cultural center for most of the time in ancient Chinese history， where scholars gathered. Therefore， this area was the most important place for poetry creation in the Hehuai region， accounting for about 90% of the poetry produced in this region. In the Central Plain of the Northern Dynasty， poems were mainly for the purpose of responding to the emperor， expressing feelings and composing poems of joint authorship， and there was also the preliminary attempts to the seven-character interlocutory rhymes in the Northern Dynasty. The poetry creation in Qilu extended to Jiaodong Peninsula and the description of the sea area at the junction of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea appeared in poetry for the first time. The investigation and analysis of Hehuai poetry in the Northern Dynasty can also provide a basis for the study of the poetic history and literary geography in this period.
2022 Vol. 61 (2): 106- [
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The Ranger Image and Capital Space in Tang Poetry
Xin Xiaojuan
The image of a ranger is a product of the multiculture of the capital city. The ranger image in Tang Dynasty poetry most typically reflects the interactive relationship between people and the capital space. Through the behavior of “touring”， the ranger not only breaks the space barrier in the physical sense， but also connects the private space and the public space， and breaks the barriers of different classes in the social sense. The ranger is not only the observer of the capital landscape， but also the constructor of the landscape that enriches the aesthetic level of the capital landscape. In the aspects of region and psychology， the ranger image expands the space of the capital and completes the personification of the capital.
2022 Vol. 61 (2): 121- [
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129
All Imperial Dynasties after Han Followed the Ruling-System of Han
Feng Tianyu
The ruling system of Zhou (周) and that of Qin (秦) should be regarded as two paradigms throughout the evolving history of Chinese political institutionalization. Generally speaking， the dynasties after Qin and Han (汉) mainly followed the ruling system of Qin. Historians， therefore， have proposed that all imperial dynasties after Qin follow the ruling system of Qin. Yet the Han dynasty， while inheriting the ruling system of Qin， also absorbed some elements from the ruling system of Zhou by the reviving and renewing movement， and thus formed a particular model of ruling system that combined both the ruling system of Zhou and that of Qin， both Confucianism and Legalism. Since the two Han Dynasties， China’s imperial power has been checked and balanced by multiple factors， such as the Tao of Heaven， ancestral admonitions， ritual system， aristocracy， bureaucracy， patriarchal gentry power， and civil upheaval. In most cases， it did not evolve into absolute autocracy， which were the reasons for the regenerative capacity of Han system and why it was difficult to disintegrate. However， these factors lacked legal norms and new social concepts， and their checks and balances on imperial power were limited. The “standard portrait” of the emperors of the mid and late eras was： one hand held high Confucian classics， declaring to the world with “benevolent governance” and “ruling with virtue”； the other hand clung to the sword of Legalism to threaten and punish the subjects. This ruling system of Han， which could be characterized as “Zhou as its exterior and Qin as its interior” or “Confucianism as the skin and Legalism as the bone”， maintained for nearly two thousand years. In this sense， the political institutionalization of the middle and late ancient history should be summarized as all imperial dynasties after Han followed the ruling-system of Han.
2022 Vol. 61 (2): 129- [
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Discussing the Thoughts of Confucius’ Poetics and Cande on the Bamboo Slips in Shanghai Museum
Ding Sixin
Confucius’ Poetics demonstrates the basic concepts and methods of Confucius’ poetic thoughts. The basic idea of Confucius’ poetic hermeneutics is “poetry has no hidden will， music has no hidden feelings， and literature has no hidden meaning”， which deepens the saying of “poetry speaks of the will” in the Book of Documents. Confucius’ ideas on poetry also include： using “virtue”， “the mandate of heaven”， “the nature of people” and “emotion” to explain the Classic of Poetry； paying attention to the differences in styles and the reflected diversity of emotions and life among Feng (“Airs of the States”)， Xiao ya (“Lesser Court Hymns”)， Da ya (“Major Court Hymns”) and Song (“Eulogies”). His specific interpretation reflects the principle of “having no depraved thoughts”. The value of this bamboo book Confucius’ Poetics far exceeds that of the Preface to the Classic of Poetry， and it should be the primary basis for scholars to discuss Confucius’ poetics and an important reference to the interpretation of the Classic of Poetry. The ideas of Cande has a strong religious sense that advocates respect for heaven， earth， gods and ghosts. It emphasizes the virtue of “non-thinking”， and advocates that the ruler should follow the model of heaven and earth， and respect and obey the heavenly norms， the heavenly time and the heavenly rites； it advocates that “the people should be treated with benevolence”， which strongly shows a people-oriented tendency. There are many taboo words and a strong admonitory tone. The idea of rewarding good and punishing violence is promoted. The ingredients of this manuscript’s thought are complex， but on the whole， it should be judged as an article of the Yin-yang school.
2022 Vol. 61 (2): 148- [
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156
A Re-start of the Study of the Intellectual History of Modern China
Ouyang Zhesheng
Peking University has a long tradition of studying the modern Chinese intellectual history. Cai Yuanpei， Guo Zhanbo， Ren Jiyu， Shi Jun， Feng Youlan， Li Zehou and other scholars have been engaged in the field of the modern Chinese intellectual (philosophy) history. In the 1990s， there appeared a new turn in the study on modern Chinese intellectual history and gradually developed towards the direction of exquisite professionalism. The basic ways to study the history of modern Chinese thought include： thinkers as the study object， social thought as the study object， the evolution of ideas (concepts) as the study object. Modern China has left a rich intellectual heritage on how to deal with traditional culture， understand the west and construct the future， which is worth cherishing and inheriting. The unity of historical feelings and realistic concerns is the mind we should have in the future of research on the intellectual history of modern China.
2022 Vol. 61 (2): 156- [
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162
The Approach and the Mechanism of Education Reform by Intelligent Technology
Yu Xinguo Xia Jing
Educational activities involve many aspects， and it is necessary to construct a holistic research category to systematically analyze the approach and mechanism of intelligent technology to transform education. In order to conduct a holistic study of educational reform， a five-letter educational process model is constructed to generalize education that includes many educational elements and educational scenarios. Taking the five aspects of education represented by the five letters as the main line， we can grasp the changes brought by intelligent technology to the content and form of education as a whole. The four major intelligent technologies of artificial intelligence， blockchain， cloud technology， and big data form a strong intelligent technology circle and promote the ways and methods of educational reform. The approach and mechanism of intelligent technology to transform education， with intelligent technology as the core， is aimed at both teachers and learners， and aims to improve the effect and efficiency of education. Theoretical exploration on the education of intelligent technology transformation can help to understand the essential characteristics of intelligent technology transforming education， and provide a reference for the future practice of education transformation.
2022 Vol. 61 (2): 162- [
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A Historical Investigation of the Changes in the Relationship between Family and School in China’s Rural Areas in the Past Century
Wei Feng
In the late Qing dynasty， the government began to establish the modern education system. However， the peasants boycotted the new system for many reasons. In the 1920s， driven by rural education scholars and educational policies， the relationship between rural schools and families became interconnected and integrated， although there was still a defect that education could not be integrated into people’s lives. After the founding of People’s Republic of China， a series of policies continuously improved the collaboration between rural schools and families， but the effects were influenced by the conditions of politics， social culture， family structure， education administration and rural schools’ development. In the context of the urban and rural duality， the implementation of the family-school collaboration policy fails to achieve the desired effects， and rural parents have few opportunities and little motivation to participate in school activities and management. This requires strengthening the system construction and specific measures to guide， and more importantly， improving the quality of rural school education， so as to obtain the support and participation of rural parents.
2022 Vol. 61 (2): 173- [
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181
The “Free Will-Determinism Dilemma” in Behavioral Psychology
Shu Yueyu
In the face of the “free will-determinism dilemma”， behavioral psychology is confronted with the “explainer’s paradox”： behavioral psychology， as a theoretical framework to explain human psychology and behavior， cannot explain the behavior of the behaviorists themselves. In the theoretical presupposition of behavioral psychology， when human free will is taken away， they are unconsciously endowed with the freedom of their own will. In order to take psychology to further studies， it is necessary to resolve the “explainer’s paradox”. A valid theory of behavioral psychology must effectively explain the behavior of all people， including the explainer himself.
2022 Vol. 61 (2): 181- [
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