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2023 Vol. 62, No. 3
Published: 2023-05-27
19
Disappearing in the High Mountains： Guolu in the Border Areas of Sichuan， Hubei， and Hunan and the Qing Court's Campaign against Them in 1781
Wang Di
Guolu groups were mainly active in the border areas of Sichuan， Hubei， Hunan， Shaanxi， and Guizhou， whose deep mountains and primary forests were suitable for Guolu to survive. The areas were far away from the state power and beyond the reach of troops to cut them down. Guolu could advance and retreat freely at any time and disappear in the mountains. In 1781， why did a sudden increase of Guolu take place in the border areas of the three provinces of Sichuan， Hubei and Hunan？ Guolu emerged in Sichuan from the beginning of Emperor Qianlong's ruling， and continued to gather and develop in the forests， forming a unique geographical and social community. The expansion of Guolu also resulted from the intensification of social conflicts in the late Qianlong period. Taking those incidents as the trigger， under the supervision of Emperor Qianlong himself， a campaign to eradicate Guolu across Sichuan， Hubei， Hunan， Guizhou， and Shaanxi began，resulted in not only the exile of Wen Shou， Sichuan Governor， to Yili， but also the decreed dismissals of many magistrates. There have been some academic studies on the Guolu in Sichuan. After 1949， many scholars associated the origin of the Gelaohui with Guolu. However， in Gelaohui's private documents， no clue has been found to prove that it originated from Guolu. This article argues that the farfetched comparison between Huolu and Gelaohui is， to a considerable extent， an adaptation of the Qing Court's official accounts that stigmatized Gelaohui. This is a prominent example of how official discourse of hegemony on marginalized groups has influenced the studies of Guolu today.
2023 Vol. 62 (3): 19-38 [
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332
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39
On the Successful Transition of Xiangshan Compradors to National Bourgeois in Modern China——On the Historical Status of Modern Figures Represented by Tang Tingshu， Xu Run and Zheng Guanying
Zhang Fuqiang,
Tang Tingshu， Xu Run， Zheng Guanying and other modern Xiangshan compradors of foreign firms played an undeniably negative role in assisting the foreign erosion of the national economic rights of Chinese people in the early days. However， they were able to regain their national conscience after accumulating capital and operating experience. When the country launched “the Self-Strengthening Movement” that advocated “contending for rights in foreign affairs”， “striving for self-revitalization”， and “strengthening the country and making the people rich”， they responded to the call without hesitation and resolutely gave up the occupation of compradors and quickly transformed themselves into the first batch of outstanding national entrepreneurs， educators and enlightenment thinkers in modern times. They first ascended onto the stage of China's industrial modernization as the national bourgeoisie with their wisdom and strength， and successfully established a modern enterprise system of “business autonomy” within the system of“merchants' running business under the government supervision”. They left an indelible mark in the process of promoting the initial development of China's national capitalism and the burgeoning of China's national bourgeoisie.
2023 Vol. 62 (3): 39-49 [
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439
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50
Reasoning， Mediation and Simplified Governance——On the Marriage Justice in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Area
Hu Yongheng
The legal system in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia border area occupies an important position in the history of legal system in modern China. Different from the practice of “judgment according to the law” adopted by the Nanjing National Government that imitated the Western rule of law， this border area consciously explored a judicial path that was more in line with China's national conditions. The marriage justice in the border area is an example. Because the principle of freedom of marriage prescribed by law was too advanced than that of the rural society， it had caused many unexpected problems in practice. While improving the legislation， the border area also actively sought alternative ways of judiciary. “Using reason to judge cases” as well as the promotion of a relatively flexible and legal mediation mode was the product of judicial flexibility in the border area. The simplified governance model was in line with the trend of streamlining the government at that time， and maintained the stability of the social order in the border area with limited judicial resources. It not only reflected the inheritance and transcendence of the ancient judicial tradition of China in the border area， but also showed the reflection and improvement of the judicial model of the Nanjing National Government. It was a valuable attempt by the Communist Party of China to explore a new legal system.
2023 Vol. 62 (3): 50-61 [
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340
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62
Appropriation， Recognition and Panarchy：Variations of Self-Consciousness in Digital Era
Lan Jiang
The question of how to confront the spectral Other in the digital age returns to Hegel's reflection on the Other. In fact， Hegel distinguishes two different kinds of otherness. The first Other is an Other as an object. Through the negation of the object， self-consciousness realizes the utilization of things， thus realizing the cycle of self-consciousness. However， one self-consciousness will also encounter another self-conscious other， and through a “life-and-death struggle”， a master-slave relationship is formed between the two self-consciousnesses. In the slave's recognition of the master， the slave de-substantializes himself and becomes the agent of the master， thus guaranteeing the consummation of the master's self-consciousness. In the digital age， we are confronted with a third Other. On the one hand， it is irreducible to a pure material object， and on the other hand， it communicates with us through intelligent algorithms and big data. This is the concept of the third Other. The only way to secure the status of self-consciousness in the face of the third Other is panarchy， an indeterminate metaphorical concept that offers a path to a future form of self-consciousness in the digital world.
2023 Vol. 62 (3): 62-71 [
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471
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72
Is Machiavelli an Epicurean？
Luo Xuanqing
Machiavelli pointed out in Discourses on the First Ten Books of Titus Livy that， as those who discovered new seas and new lands， he discovered new models and new systems of the political world. Different from the three contemporary mainstream understanding modes， the aspect of Machiavelli's political philosophy that transcended classical political philosophy could be analyzed by examining the relationship between Machiavelli and Epicureanism. On the one hand， Machiavelli based his thoughts on the natural philosophy of Epicureanism， and used atomism as a tool to construct his own political philosophy； on the other hand， unlike a meditator who was content to observe nature quietly， Machiavelli regarded the departure from political life and the peace of mind as an illusion. Thus， he deviated from the classical political philosophy， whose ultimate purpose was to contemplate life， affirmed the value of realistic political practice， and set up a precedent for modern politics.
2023 Vol. 62 (3): 72-79 [
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80
Fei Xiaotong's Ideas of Shared Development and Common Prosperity in the New Era
Huan Pingqing
With the change of the main social contradiction in China， the problem of unbalanced and insufficient development has become an important factor of restricting the common prosperity and social governance. To achieve the shared development and common prosperity has also become the inevitable choice of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era. In his academic career， Fei Xiaotong has deeply thought about and explored the shared development and the path to realize it， specifically in the aspects of classes， rural and urban areas， regions， ethnicities and human beings. These ideas have important theoretical and practical implications for the realization of common prosperity and the peaceful development of the Chinese modernization path. The in-depth exploration and development of these ideas will， in practice， help promote the high-quality development， addressing the rural-urban， regional and income distribution disparities， and gradually realize the common wealth of all people and promote the construction of a community of shared future for mankind； in theory， it will promote the study of Chinese-style modernization and the construction of an independent knowledge system of Chinese sociology.
2023 Vol. 62 (3): 80-89 [
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413
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90
Western Liberal Democracy： Theoretic Tension and Practical Deviation
Lin Gang
The theoretic tension within Western liberal democracy is derived from different understandings of ancient Greek ideas of direct democracy and modern liberalism，as well as value trade-offs among the three principal principles of the rule of law， the majority rule，and liberty and equality. This has stimulated a theoretic debate about different models of democracy. Models of juridical democracy， elitist democracy and pluralistic democracy fall on the conceptual category of liberal democratic theory， which are content with formal political equality without thinking of the fundamental changes in the unequal distribution of economic and social resources. The Western nonmainstream views of participatory democracy， deliberate democracy and communitarian democracy believe that true political equality can be obtained only by realizing economic equality or cultivating a sense of community identity. The adoption of different governmental and party systems in Western democratic countries reflects their value preferences for the above-mentioned various democratic principles and liberal democratic models. However， many neoliberal democracies have failed to reduce the worsening polarization of the rich and the poor. This reflects the internal conflict between economic liberalism and political egalitarianism within the theory of liberal democracy.
2023 Vol. 62 (3): 90-105 [
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328
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106
The Pilot Process and Mechanism of Internal Laws and Regulations of Communist Party of China——A Historical Study on the Publicity System of Cadres before Appointment
Ye Zhipeng Tan Xinyu
Piloting is an innovation of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in the practice of governing， and it is also an important theoretical perspective to understand the process of institutional and policy change. The existing studies have paid more attention to the pilot mechanism in the process of external public policy changes， ignoring the important role of this mechanism in the process of the internal system construction. In view of the historical investigation of CPC's internal system of the Publicity of Cadres before Appointment (PCA)， this research analyzes the evolving process and mechanism of CPC's internal piloting. The study found that the system of the PCA experienced a multi-stage pilot process of “local pilots→block diffussion→central promotion→block re-innovation (including the supporting system innovation) →central selective absorption”. In the process of CPC's systematization of internal laws and regulations， the leadership attribute of CPC plays an important role in the pilot mechanism， which is mainly presented as a sectoral linkage mechanism between the central and local governments under the guidance of CPC's political authority and a central-local interaction mechanism driven by CPC's political capacity. Different from traditional experimental mechanisms with the principle of efficiency， the process of CPC's internal legal regulation drives the expansion， diffusion， and reconstruction of CPC's internal pilot programs in its block structure.
2023 Vol. 62 (3): 106-117 [
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316
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118
The Double-Chain Spiral Interaction Model in China's Policy Process——The Development of Central Policy and Local Practice in PPP as an Example
Wang Yuchen
Taking the development process of China's PPP as a case， through the analysis of the interaction path between central policy and local practice in different periods in this field， it can be summarized as the double-chain spiral interaction model between central policy and local practice. This Chinese-style policy process embedded in the interactive relationship between central and local governments since the reform and opening up has a parallel development pattern based on the logic of “gradual adjustment” as policy and “exploration” in practice. It achieves the core governance goal of local infrastructure financing by the two-way flexible mechanism of central and local governments， and contains the governance development logic of pragmatism， balanced operation and dynamic adjustment. Introducing market supply into this interactive structure can develop an optimization idea of policy process for good governance of the “triple-chain spiral” from the “double-chain spiral” interaction model.
2023 Vol. 62 (3): 118-131 [
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132
The Politics of Friendship： Modern Literature's Rewriting of Tradition—— From Casting Sword and Shi Xiu
Chen Xiaoming
The inheritance of classical literature in modern Chinese literature has become an important topic in recent years. The modern Chinese literary revolution did not cut off its internal connection with classical literature. Some works of artistic value are precisely the rewriting of ancient tales or classical texts， showing unique and powerful innovative significance. The two works， Casting Sword and Shi Xiu， describe the act of avenging friends， or righteous deeds for sworn brothers. This relationship and the acts can be examined with Derrida's “Politics of Friendship”， under the reflection of which， we may be able to see the relationship between modern Chinese literature and ancient tradition from a special perspective. It can also be used to examine the innovative modern Chinese writers' way of “creative transformation” of tradition.
2023 Vol. 62 (3): 132-142 [
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143
The Left Wing and the Generation and Transformation of the Discourse of the “Third Class” and “Freedom of Literature and Art”
Wu Shuqiao
The “third class” initially placed the “freedom of literature and art” in the logic of opposition between writers and left-wing critics. Zhou Yang and Hu Feng later linked the class and authenticity of literature and art， proposed the proposition of “theme enthusiasm”， and dismantled the theorical foundation of “freedom of literature and art” with the theory of artistic authenticity. The “third class” updated their own view. They opposed the restrictions on subject matter and believed that only “freedom of literature and art” could guarantee the authenticity of art. Zhou Yang and Hu Feng appropriated the Marxist discourse on freedom and necessity to the field of literature and art， deepening the philosophical understanding of “freedom of literature and art”， but the specific discussions were not consistent， and the understanding of “essence” was not the same， which was one of the important reasons for the contradictions and typical contentions in the process of their debate. Due to the limitations of the times and theories，both sides have not been able to effectively respond to some doubts， but the theoretical dialogue on “freedom of literature and art” has brought beneficial enlightenment to the construction of Marxist theory of literature and art.
2023 Vol. 62 (3): 143-151 [
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477
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152
Prose Anthology and the Canonization of Chinese Modern Prose (1920－1937)
Zuo Anqiu
The period of 1920 to 1937 is crucial for the transformation of modern prose. The anthology plays an important role in the canonization process of modern prose. Modern anthologists collected and published works in line with the concept of modern prose and promoted the canonization of modern prose writers. Prose anthologists not only selected classical prose writers and texts for modern literature that provided referential models for the development of modern prose， but also paid attention to female writers and their works， promoted young writers， and cultivated the follow-up forces for the development of modern prose. In addition， with the help of modern prose anthologies， modern anthologists has organized writers and works with similar styles into collections， leading the formation of modern prose genres.
2023 Vol. 62 (3): 152-159 [
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346
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160
The Theoretical Sources， Empirical Grounds and Practical Approaches of Institutional Moral Education Theory
Du Shizhong
Institutional Moral Education Theory (IMET) has three theoretical sources， namely historical materialism， (limited) institutional determinism， and neo-institutionalism. What they have in common is the emphasis on the understanding of the human nature and essence from the perspective of social relations and institutional structures. Multidisciplinary empirical studies have shown that institutions not only have their own “thinking”， and make important decisions on our behalf， but also determine our thinking habits， make us form institutionalized thinking， influence and change our behavioral habits. Institutions can not only make good people bad， but also bad people good. Institutions influence and even determine human (moral) behavior through the mediation of institutional situations. The practice of institutional moral education theory in the new era can be summarized as that socialist democracy is the best institutional moral education. It requires schools to develop students' moral-democratic competence， improve their moral judgment and reasoning competence through the method of “discussing moral dilemmas”， teach students with a democratic and rational approach， and build schools into democratic communities through the approach of “establishing just community”. Democracy is one of the core socialist values. In the new era， promoting and practicing democracy is an important topic of school moral education， to which the institutional moral education theory can contribute its own strength.
2023 Vol. 62 (3): 160-169 [
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322
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170
What is the “Norm” in Normal Education？
Zhang Yanguo,
Teachers are the foundation and the source of education. Normal education focuses on training teachers in order to meet the needs of national economic and social development，and respond to the society's expectation of cultivating talents. Normal education in China not only carries the way of being a teacher， seeking a teacher， respecting a teacher， passing on thoughts from teachers， but also inherits the “cultural paradigm” of revering virtue and loving students， having sincerity and righteousness， respecting learning and practicing， and maintaining the cultural lineage. China's normal education manifests educating teachers， emphasizes teachers' morality， style， ability， skill and behavior， and practices the “standard model” of cultivating the “roots” and casting the “souls” of students， teaching by personal example as well as verbal instruction， enlightening the mind， assisting education and promoting learning， increasing confidence and luster. China's normal education not only shows the teacher's love， power， taste，but also reflects the “teachers' way” of seeing feelings， wisdom and demeanor. Facing a new normal education and a new future， we should build a new system， explore a new curriculum and cultivate new teachers for basic education. We should also respond to the new requirements of the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era， inherit and carry forward the spirit of the excellent Chinese teaching culture， revitalize normal education， and then take a new path of high-quality development in teacher training.
2023 Vol. 62 (3): 170-178 [
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353
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179
A Study on the Layout Adjustment of Compulsory Education Schools in Urban Areas from the Perspective of Educational Governance——A Case Study in County S
Qian Jia
School layout adjustment is both a direct way to optimize the distribution of educational resources and a complex practice of educational public governance. The scientific and orderly expansion of education resources supply in urban areas and reasonable distribution of education resources in urban areas are the keys to break the current “unbalanced and insufficient” resource allocation in the region and promote the high-quality development of regional education. Based on the educational governance analysis framework， this study analyzes and reflects on the governance objectives， governance subjects， governance tools and processes， and governance effects of the layout adjustment of compulsory education schools in urban areas of County S. The study has found some main issues， including insufficient attention to the multidimensional value objectives of educational governance， insufficient participation of multiple governance subjects， limitations in the selection of governance tools， weak horizontal governance power of the education sector， and non-effective governance results. Based on the concept of educational governance， we will re-examine the governance objectives of layout adjustment， further improve the monitoring of dynamic data of school-age children， ensure the participation of multiple subjects at each stage， and improve the mechanism of allocating power to educational governance， in order to achieve the governance objective of high-quality and balanced development of compulsory education in the county.
2023 Vol. 62 (3): 179-188 [
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