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2024 Vol. 63, No. 1
Published: 2024-01-27
1
Revisiting the Use of China as a Methodology： An Analysis Based on the Research Pathway Based on People Studies
He Yanling, Zhang Yurui
Constructing an independent knowledge system in China is the academic responsibility of scholars in humanities social sciences. It is particularly necessary to systematically reflect on the significance and operational pathways of “China” as a methodology. Using China as a methodology means not only taking China as the background or object of research， but also as the premise and key for making propositions， constructing theories， choosing methods， and determining pathways. People studies as an example can present the specific working pathway of using China as a methodology， which means from exploring vivid concepts with Chinese genes to the specific use of “in the field” research methods， and then to the entire process of structuralizing the theory of “revealing institutions from the field”.
2024 Vol. 63 (1): 1-10 [
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On the Structural Predicament of Overburdened Grassroots Governments from the Perspective of State Construction： Theory and A Case Study
Zhang Changdong Xia Jianghao
The overburden problem of grassroots governments has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years in both policy and academic circles. The existing literature has examined it from the perspectives of hierarchical systems， formalism， and grassroots governance capacity. This work argues that the issue of grassroots government burden should be further placed in the context of historical change， and reconsidered from the perspective of changes in the handing over of state power and the underlying state-building strategies. Through an in-depth case study of the L-town institutional reform and its actual effects， this paper finds that this reform， which aims to strengthen the capacity of the local government and reduce its burden， has not been effective， but rather has increased its burden. The reasons for this are that the institutional reform itself has released more responsibilities than powers， that the local government is unable to take over the devolution of powers， that the movement-based governance has weakened the professional governance， and that the autonomy of the village committees is insufficient. By virtue of the institutional drift theory in the context of the institutional reform and its actual effects， this paper further analyzes the underlying mechanisms and explores the theoretical implications for the micro-strategy of state building.
2024 Vol. 63 (1): 11-22 [
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23
The Function of Debt Relief in Consumer Bankruptcy
Li Zhongxian
Discharge is the core element of the law of consumer bankruptcy， which has three major functions： extricating distressed debtors， regulating economic risks， and implementing public policy. Bankruptcy is a value-neutral event in which the debtors should not be subjected to moral condemnation. The exemption of remaining debts is in line with modern ethics. It not only reiterates the civil nature of the Civil Code of China， but also re-releases human capital while manifesting personal dignity. Through appropriate risk allocation， the system of bankruptcy debt relief can stabilize transaction expectations， and objectively form a meaningful supplement to the limited liability system of the corporate， and avoid unlimited recourse to the property of natural persons. Personal bankruptcy law does not necessarily lead to the risk of debt evasion. On the contrary， only sound centralized repayment and discharge inspection can curb moral risks， reward integrity and honesty， standardize the system of repayment， and ultimately resolve the problem of “enforcement predicament”. The spirit of contract that must be kept(Pacta sunt servanda) and the law that tolerates fault are respectively the bottom line and upper limit of the morals for a healthy market. The redemption of individuals by law will benefit society as a whole.
2024 Vol. 63 (1): 23-33 [
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34
On the Optimization of Structure of Legality Review of Legislation——From the Perspective of Reconstructing the Relationship between Formal Legality and Substantive Legality
Zhou Lin
According to the existing theories， the review of the formal and substantive legality are “paralleled” with each other， which is manifested in that they are “convergent in function”， “equal in order”， and “integral for each other”， which means that they are duplicative. As a result， the substantive legality review falls into the predicament of redundancy in theory， and is often put aside in practice， seriously affecting the progress of legality review of legislation.To optimize the structure of legality review of legislation requires reconstructing the relationship between formal legality review and substantial legality review. In view of the normative requirements， the prioritized application of formal legality review should be established as the norm of legality review of legislation. The substantive legality review is essentially method of value judgment， characterized by strong subjectivity， purposiveness and value， usually in tension with the normative nature of legality review. In many cases， substantive legality review is a purposive-oriented legislative strategy， which is not suitable to be the norm of legality review of legislation， but only as an exception and supplement. Improving formal legality review standards， optimizing legal interpretation techniques and methods， and perfecting formal legality review techniques can reduce the application of substantive legality review， thereby enhancing the normativity of legality review of legislation and transforming the relationship between the two from “parallel” into “complementary”.
2024 Vol. 63 (1): 34-44 [
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352
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45
A New Study of Xiong Shili's Interpretation of The Great Learning
Liu Lisha
Xiong Shili offers a creative interpretation of The Great Learning by drawing upon concepts such as “inherent mind”， “integration with Heaven and Earth and all things”， and “non-duality of fundamental reality and function”. It demonstrates a comprehensive coherence， elucidating both “the three guiding principles” and “the eight items” in the context of clarifying “the virtue of heaven” (Tiande) and “the way of kingship” (Wangdao). This concept accentuates the wholeness and diminishes the distinction between the inside and outside compared to the traditional saying of “the inner sage and the outer king”. Xiong Shili expands the ideas presented in The Great Learning in three dimensions. Firstly， morality is not imposed as an external norm but as innate conscience， which he identifies as “the virtue of heaven”， an intrinsic aspect of one's essence that includes not only all virtues but also embodies dynamic， ever-changing vitality. Secondly， conscience extends beyond morality to encompass scientific spirit， rationality， and knowledge as essential components. Therefore， only when phenomena are measured correctly can conscience manifest itself and fullfill its functions. Thirdly， “the way of kingship” used to be only a responsibility of rulers， officials， and scholars， but Xiong Shili extends it to all individuals. Every person should harness his or her own life spirit， engage in vigorous activities， and strive for the ultimate goodness.
2024 Vol. 63 (1): 45-52 [
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53
Changes in the Concept of “Human Essence” in the Philosophical Perspective of Artificial Intelligence
Wang Shipeng
The understanding of “human nature” is always framed in the relationship between “man and the other”. The other， as a variable， constitutes our cognitive reference to the essence of human beings. The emergence of artificial intelligence as a new “other” has led to a methodological change in the way of understanding human essence. However， artificial intelligence is not the other in the general sense， but has the potential to serve as the best cognitive reference to human essence. Artificial Intelligence is inherently related to humans， rather than simply the amplification and extension of the human mind. At the same time， artificial intelligence is the most complex creation that humans can create， and in a specific sense， it can serve as a completed form of human beings. Therefore， with artificial intelligence as a reference， our understanding of human essence can achieve a methodological change from “human anatomy” to “anatomy of artificial intelligence”. This change does not deny that the prescriptive understanding of human essence is gained by contrasting man with animals， but it emphasizes that we should redefine the relationship between humans and animals，and consider individuals as a unique species in nature， namely the human animal， in contrast to artificial intelligence. This contrast indicates that I am a human being， a human animal in essence， and the essential difference between human animals and artificial intelligence and other animals is that human animals not only understand meaning， but also can assign meaning to the meaningless universe. In essence，human beings are the only known meaning-assigners in the universe.
2024 Vol. 63 (1): 53-60 [
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61
How Government Green Subsidies Motivate Green Innovation of Corporations——Exposition and Evidence from Strategic Response Perspective
Yang Meng
How corporations respond to the policy incentives of green subsidies and choose their green innovation behaviors is the core of the unpacking process of the relational “black box” between green subsidies and green innovation. This study uses panel data from China's A-share listed heavy polluters from 2010 to 2021 to explore the impact of government green subsidies on corporate green innovation， and examine the mediating roles of green strategic orientation， green organization learning capability， and green strategic action. The results show that： (1) the relationship between green subsidies and green innovation presents an inverted-U shape； (2) green strategic orientation， green organization learning capability， and green strategic action play an important mediating part in the process of “green subsidies-green innovation”， and there is an “inverted U-shape” relationship with green subsidies. The findings of this paper provide a new theoretical perspective and practical insights for a deeper understanding of the micro-mechanisms of “green subsidies-green innovation”， and the promotion of corporate green innovation.
2024 Vol. 63 (1): 61-74 [
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High-Commitment Human Resource Management，Willingness to Delay Retirement and Job Performance——A Team-Based Study
Zou Weibing Xu Hongyi
This article takes the teams of state-owned bank branches as an example and uses a multilevel regression model to explore the impact of high-commitment human resource management practice atmosphere level on the team's willingness to delay retirement， team performance， and the moderating effect of atmosphere intensity at the team level. Through multilevel regression analysis of questionnaire data from 113 work teams and 901 members， the study finds that the team-level high-commitment human resource management practice climate is significantly and positively related to the team's willingness to delay retirement. In addition， willingness to delay retirement mediates the relationship between the team climate level and team performance， while team climate strength moderates the relationship between climate level and team willingness to delay retirement. The relevant conclusions of this study have certain guiding significance for exploring the influencing factors of team performance， clarifying the mechanism of the team's willingness to delay retirement， and formulating policies related to delayed retirement.
2024 Vol. 63 (1): 75-82 [
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From “Visual Literature” to “Aural Literature”——Dialect Writing and Creation of Stylistic Forms in Liberated Areas
Liu Jincai
After the publication of Mao Zedong's “Speech at the Yan'an Forum on Literature and Art”， writers in the liberated areas went further into life and among people in the ideological wave of self-transformation. The writers' thoughts and emotions were gradually integrated into the life practices of the people at the bottom of social order， and the literary creation were localized and nationalized through the continuous absorption of folklore resources. For poetry， there was the movement of wall poetry and “kuaibanshu poetry” that emphasized daily spoken language and resorted to the aural forms. Folk rap art also permeated into the genre of novel. Zhao Shuli pioneered in the style of banhua novels which became the object of imitation for many novels. New operas and new Yangge operas integrated speaking， singing and dancing. These genres showed more historical connections with traditional folk oral art in form. The creative transformation of folk art traditions became a new form of national literature enjoyed by the common people. The connection between dialect writing and folk forms further highlights the emphasis of literature on spoken language and sounds， revealing the strong vitality of national literature that is still deeply rooted in the folk.
2024 Vol. 63 (1): 83-92 [
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Semi-Colonial Experience and Yu Dafu's Literary Creation in Japan
Wei Wei
The counterpart of the semi-colonialism in Chinese history was the semi-feudalism， so Yu Dafu's writing was characterized by revolting against traditional culture and pursuing individual freedom. At the same time， the semi-colonized social reality inevitably made Yu Dafu feel the humiliation of being subjected to the colonizers during his stay in Japan. He longed to share the Western/Japanese culture from a cosmopolitan perspective， but had to raise the national flag to resist the spiritual oppression of the semi-colonial reality. He embraced Western/Japanese culture with a cosmopolitan view， but had to adopt a “feudal” attitude to confront the West/Japan when necessary. This ambivalence constitutes the identity dilemma in Yu Dafu's novels written in Japan， also determines his complex attitude towards the Japanese and female writing.
2024 Vol. 63 (1): 93-99 [
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Trend of Putonghua Writing and the Contemporary Transformation of Literary Language
Yan Tonglin
From linguistic purity to linguistic norms， the standards and specifications were established in the 1950s with the national common language， Putonghua. It was a major characteristic and mission of literary creation at that time to mobilize writers to fully use Putonghua to write. The emergence and evolution of the trend of Putonghua writing could not have been achieved without the joint efforts of writers and editors， among which editing played an essential role. Writers of different generations have demonstrated different paths and attitudes in the trend of Putonghua writing， including new works and reprints， among which there are many representative writers and works. Self-editing and editorial processing ran through this process. In the trend of Putonghua writing， writers and editors mutually constrain and promote each other， but there were also contradictions， conflicts， and transformations between them. The standardization， adjustment， and transformation of literary language were the core aspects.
2024 Vol. 63 (1): 100-110 [
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111
The Convergence and Divergence of History and Memory：An Analysis in Conceptual History
Q. Edward Wang,
With the rise of memory studies in recent years， the term “historical memory” has emerged in Chinese literature， implying an equivalence between the two. In contrast， there has always been a certain tension between history and memory in Western scholarship——the birth of history in the West was related to the purpose of combating the loss of memory. The theoretical premise of modern scientific historiography， as shown in Rankean historiography， is to distinguish between the “past” and the “present” and to examine and reconstruct the former from the standpoint of the latter， whereas memory often conflates the two. In post-WWII years， Rankean historiography faced a series of challenges； memory studies have been one of them. From Maurice Halbwachs to Pierre Nora， Western scholars have attempted to use memory to complement and revise the traditions of historical research and writing， to improve and expand the methods and scope of historiography， and to contribute to the renewal and revolutionization of its content. However， the merging of historical and memory studies in recent years has still not changed the fundamental differences between the two.
2024 Vol. 63 (1): 111-120 [
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121
On the Formation of Yangzhou Scholars' Records in the Qing History of The Collected Biographies of Confucian Scholars
Qi Xuemin
The Yangzhou School has always been regarded as an important school of Confucianism in Qing dynasty with abundant research results. However， the scholarly community has not noticed that the Qing history of The Collected Biographies of Confucian Scholars (Ru-lin-Zhuan)， reveals the complicated formation process of Yangzhou scholars' records， which is of great value for understanding the history of this school. Based on the relevant archives of The Collected Biographies of Confucian Scholars from the Palace Museum in Taipei， this paper reveals the records of Yangzhou scholars in the first and fourth drafts of The Collected Biographies of Confucian Scholars from the compilation level. In the first draft， Ruan Yuan recorded the group of Yangzhou scholars represented by Ren Dachun， but the “Biography of Ren Dachun” was later deleted. During the reign of Emperor Guangxu， there were eight Yangzhou scholars officially recorded in the fourth draft of The Collected Biographies of Confucian Scholars. These biographies were edited and revised on the basis of the biographies of The Scholars Liu Baonan， Liu Wenqi， Zhu Shiduan， Wang Niansun， Wangxi， Xun Jiao， Ling Shu， Jiang Fan (Jiangsu Consulting and Interview Book)， the eponymous work submitted by Yangzhou government. The compiler of the national historical museum focused on rewriting and honoring the research achievememts of the Yangzhou scholars in the study of scriptures such as Yijing， Spring and Autumn Annals and the Commentary of Zuo (Qiuming)， Book of Rites， Analects of Confucius and Analects of Mencius， highlighting their geographic connections and family characteristics. Although the name of “Yangzhou School” was not adopted in the fourth draft of The Collected Biographies of Confucian Scholars， such important factors as the research style and geographic features of Yangzhou scholars have been recorded， which provide material basis for the establishment of Yangzhou School in the official history.
2024 Vol. 63 (1): 121-135 [
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Liang Qichao's Idea of Changes and Historian's Self-Consciousness：An Examination Centered on Li Hongzhang
Li Gongzhong
Li Hongzhang is the achievement of Liang Qichao's idea of “new historiography” put into practice， and also an important specimen in the late-Qing intellectual history. Liang Qichao， according to the evolutionary view of history， based on the perspective of the “transitional era”， discusses Li Hongzhang's life experience and his successes and failures， and reveals the historical changes in the era of “China of the world”. The book embodies a new type of “historical wisdom” (shishi) and historian's self-awareness， reflecting Liang Qichao's inheritance and transcendence of the late Qing scholars' view of “turbulent situation” (bianju). Liang's work and related texts constitute a set of comprehensive and coherent discourses on modern Chinese history， which are of great significance and far-reaching influence on the construction of the scholarships of modern Chinese history in the 20th century.
2024 Vol. 63 (1): 136-144 [
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145
New Ideas and Trends of International Education for Sustainable Development
Yue Wei Li Wenjuan
Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) is the key to achieving a sustainable future for the coexistence of man and the earth. However，in the past， ESD has failed to unleash its transformative potential effectively. To revolutionize ESD，the international community has put forward a series of new ideas，including redefining “life-centered” value orientation of ESD，reconstructing a new type of school that enables all learners to “learn to live together”，“rewilding” the curricula and restructuring them rooted in the idea of a community of life on earth，revitalizing the motivation of teachers to become creative promoters of reforming sustainable development education，as well as accelerating the transformation of the global initiative and national commitments of ESD into localized structured action. In the future，the international community will comprehensively reform EDS and fully strengthen the resilience， inclusiveness and equity of ESD systems by securing global financing of education，greening educational partnerships，and unlocking the three “keys” to digital learning for sustainable development.
2024 Vol. 63 (1): 145-155 [
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156
The Threshold Effect of Internet Use on the Self-Management Ability of Low-Age Left behind Children
Lei Wanpeng Yin Junyao
Based on a survey of 3791 primary school students in 8 counties (districts) of Hubei Province， this paper discusses the impact of Internet use on the self-management ability of low-age left-behind children from three dimensions： conditions of Internet use， use preferences and duration of use. The study finds that conditions of Internet use have no significant impact on the self-management ability of low-age left-behind children， Internet use preferences and duration have significant impact on it， and the duration of children's online learning has a significant threshold effect on it. Reasonable guidance on children's Internet use preferences， and regulation of the Internet use time and online learning time can improve the information literacy of left-behind children. Caring about and supporting the low-age left-behind children's physical and mental health development in an all-round manner and reducing their Internet dependence is an important way to improve their self-management ability.
2024 Vol. 63 (1): 156-164 [
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High-Quality Development of Small Rural Schools Based on Cluster Knowledge Sharing： Motivation， Problems and Strategies
Zhao Dan Gao Yangjie
The high-quality development of small rural schools is the key and difficult point in the process of developing high-quality and balanced compulsory education in the new era. How to go beyond the traditional idea of relying only on the compensation of external resources and explore the effective path of “cluster knowledge sharing” is the key to overcoming such difficulties of small rural schools as spatial isolation， insufficient resources and development dependency. However， from the perspective of cluster knowledge sharing theory， there are still some problems in the development of small rural schools： the insufficient participation of schools， teachers and other subjects in cluster knowledge sharing， the narrow scope of knowledge sharing and insufficient depth of cooperation， the excessive emphasis on the self-interest of schools in knowledge sharing， competition rather cooperation among schools， and the unvaried methods of knowledge sharing. Therefore， the knowledge-sharing network of small rural school clusters should be optimized in the process of urban-rural education integration； the incentive mechanism of knowledge-sharing subjects should be strengthened according to the principle of “whoever shares benefits”； the management mechanism should be improved to ensure that all kinds of knowledge are shared in an orderly manner； and a knowledge sharing culture of “cooperation and symbiosis” should be created for the clusters.
2024 Vol. 63 (1): 165-174 [
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175
Right or Authority： The Legal Nature and Legislative Regulation of Teachers' Dischiplinary Power——On the Revision of Relevant Provisions of the Teacher's Act
Duan Binbin
Whether educational discipline is a right or an authority of teachers is debated in academia， and also plagues the revision of the Teacher's Act， which needs to be discussed from the etymology of the words themselves in order to clear up their origins. Rights reflect equal relations， point to individual interests， can be disposed of freely， rely on state protection， and bear civil tort liability. Authority， on the other hand， refers to unequal status， reflects public interests， restricts freedom of will， can be realized independently， and bear administrative legal liability and tort liability borne by the institution. It is found that teachers' disciplinary action has distinctive attributes of authority， which are mainly reflected in the following aspects： teachers can become the subjects of authority and have a legitimate power compared with students， but their choice of disciplinary behaviors is restricted by law， and the legitimate disciplinary action is based on educative purposes rather than personal considerations， and they must bear the administrative liability for disciplinary action， while the tort liability is borne by the school. Therefore， the legal system for teachers' discipline should be improved upon the nature of authority， incorporating educational discipline into the clauses of authority for teachers， authorizing teachers in primary and secondary schools and universities to discipline， and clarifying the boundaries of the rule of law， due process and norms of responsibility for teachers' discipline. By embedding the permissive norms and amending the Regulations on the Administration of College Students， the convergence and support with the subordinate legislation can be realized.
2024 Vol. 63 (1): 175-188 [
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